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NLS defaults for LANGUAGE and TERRITORY

By Franck Pachot

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When you set NLS_LANGUAGE then the values of NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE and NLS_SORT are set to their defaults for the LANGUAGE you set.
When you set NLS_TERRITORY then values of NLS_DATE_FORMAT, NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS, NLS_CURRENCY and NLS_ISO_CURRENCY are set to the defaults for the TERRITORY you set. For reference, I’ve listed the defaults in this post.

Here for each value found from V$NLS_VALID_VALUES I set the session parameter and display the values that are derived, as well as an example of a date

TERRITORY

The TERRITORY sets the decimal and thousand separators, the currency and the date format. I display the short date example of last day of 2016.


SQL> with 
  2  function nls_territory_defaults(t varchar2) return varchar2 as 
  3   s varchar2(2017):='';
  4  begin 
  5   execute immediate 'alter session set nls_territory='''||t||''''; 
  6   for i in (select * from nls_session_parameters where parameter in ('NLS_DATE_FORMAT','NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS','NLS_CURRENCY','NLS_ISO_CURRENCY') order by parameter desc)
  7   loop
  8    s:=s||lpad(i.parameter,20)||'='||rpad(i.value,20);
  9   end loop;
 10   return s||' example: '||to_char(trunc(sysdate,'yy')-1,'ds');
 11  end;
 12  select rpad(value,20)||nls_territory_defaults(value) "TERRITORY           default NLS settings" from v$nls_valid_values where parameter='TERRITORY' order by 1
 13  /
 
TERRITORY           default NLS settings                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AFGHANISTAN         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=AFGHANISTAN              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=؋                    example: 31/12/16
ALBANIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ALBANIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=Lek                  example: 31.12.2016
ALGERIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ALGERIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ج.                 example: 31/12/2016
AMERICA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=AMERICA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 12/31/2016
ARGENTINA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ARGENTINA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
ARMENIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ARMENIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.fmMM.RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=դր.                  example: 31.12.2016
AUSTRALIA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=AUSTRALIA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MON/RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
AUSTRIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=AUSTRIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31.12.2016
AZERBAIJAN          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=AZERBAIJAN               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=₼                    example: 31.12.2016
BAHAMAS             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BAHAMAS                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=B$                   example: 31/12/2016
BAHRAIN             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BAHRAIN                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ب.                 example: 31/12/2016
BANGLADESH          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BANGLADESH               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=৳                    example: 31-12-2016
BELARUS             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BELARUS                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=р.                   example: 31.12.2016
BELGIUM             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BELGIUM                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31/12/2016
BELIZE              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BELIZE                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD/MM/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=BZ$                  example: 12/31/2016
BERMUDA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BERMUDA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=BD$                  example: 31/12/2016
BOLIVIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BOLIVIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD-MM-RR                  NLS_CURRENCY=B$                   example: 12-31-2016
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVI     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmMM.DD.RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=КМ                   example: 12.31.2016
BRAZIL              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BRAZIL                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=R$                   example: 31/12/2016
BULGARIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=BULGARIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR-MM-DD                  NLS_CURRENCY=лв                   example: 31.12.2016
CAMBODIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CAMBODIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR-fmMM-DD                NLS_CURRENCY=៛                    example: 2016-12-31
CAMEROON            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CAMEROON                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=CFA                  example: 31/12/16
CANADA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CANADA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR-MM-DD                    NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 2016-12-31
CATALONIA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CATALONIA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31-12-16
CHILE               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CHILE                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31-12-2016
CHINA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CHINA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=¥                   example: 2016-12-31
CIS                 NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CIS                      NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=р.                   example: 31.12.16
COLOMBIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=COLOMBIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
CONGO BRAZZAVILLE   NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CONGO BRAZZAVILLE        NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=CFA                  example: 31/12/16
CONGO KINSHASA      NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CONGO KINSHASA           NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=FrCD                 example: 31/12/16
COSTA RICA          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=COSTA RICA               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=C                    example: 31/12/2016
CROATIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CROATIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=kn                   example: 31.12.16
CYPRUS              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CYPRUS                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=£                    example: 31/12/2016
CZECH REPUBLIC      NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CZECH REPUBLIC           NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=Kč                   example: 31.12.2016
CZECHOSLOVAKIA      NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=CZECHOSLOVAKIA           NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=Kčs                  example: 31.12.16
DENMARK             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=DENMARK                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR-MM-DD                    NLS_CURRENCY=kr                   example: 31-12-2016
DJIBOUTI            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=DJIBOUTI                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ف.ج.                 example: 31/12/2016
ECUADOR             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ECUADOR                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
EGYPT               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=EGYPT                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ج.م.                 example: 31/12/2016
EL SALVADOR         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=EL SALVADOR              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=C                    example: 31/12/2016
ESTONIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ESTONIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=kr                   example: 31.12.2016
ETHIOPIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ETHIOPIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD/MM/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=ብር                   example: 12/31/2016
FINLAND             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=FINLAND                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31.12.2016
FRANCE              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=FRANCE                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31/12/2016
FYR MACEDONIA       NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=FYR MACEDONIA            NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=ден.                 example: 31.12.2016
GABON               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=GABON                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=CFA                  example: 31/12/16
GERMANY             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=GERMANY                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31.12.2016
GREECE              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=GREECE                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31/12/2016
GUATEMALA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=GUATEMALA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=Q                    example: 31/12/2016
HONDURAS            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=HONDURAS                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=L                    example: 31.12.2016
HONG KONG           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=HONG KONG                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
HUNGARY             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=HUNGARY                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR-MON-DD                   NLS_CURRENCY=Ft                   example: 2016.12.31.
ICELAND             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ICELAND                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=kr.                  example: 31.12.2016
INDIA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=INDIA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=Rs                   example: 31/12/2016
INDONESIA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=INDONESIA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=Rp                   example: 31-12-2016
IRAN                NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=IRAN                     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR/fmMM/fmDD              NLS_CURRENCY=ريال                 example: 2016/12/31   
IRAQ                NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=IRAQ                     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ع.                 example: 31/12/2016
IRELAND             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=IRELAND                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31/12/2016
ISRAEL              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ISRAEL                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RRRR                 NLS_CURRENCY=ש"ח                  example: 31/12/2016
ITALY               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ITALY                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31/12/2016
IVORY COAST         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=IVORY COAST              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=CFA                  example: 31/12/16
JAPAN               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=JAPAN                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR-MM-DD                    NLS_CURRENCY=¥                    example: 2016/12/31
JORDAN              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=JORDAN                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ا.‏                example: 31/12/2016 
KAZAKHSTAN          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=KAZAKHSTAN               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=KZT                  example: 31.12.2016
KENYA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=KENYA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmMM/DD/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=S                    example: 12/31/2016
KOREA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=KOREA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR/MM/DD                    NLS_CURRENCY=₩                   example: 2016/12/31
KUWAIT              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=KUWAIT                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ك.                 example: 31/12/2016
LAOS                NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=LAOS                     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/fmMM/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=₭                    example: 31/12/2016
LATVIA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=LATVIA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR.MM.DD                  NLS_CURRENCY=Ls                   example: 2016.12.31
LEBANON             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=LEBANON                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ل.ل.                 example: 31/12/2016
LIBYA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=LIBYA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ل.                 example: 31/12/2016
LITHUANIA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=LITHUANIA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR.MM.DD                  NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 2016-12-31
LUXEMBOURG          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=LUXEMBOURG               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31.12.2016
MACEDONIA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MACEDONIA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=den.                 example: 31.12.2016
MALAYSIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MALAYSIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=RM                   example: 31/12/2016
MALDIVES            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MALDIVES                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD/fmMM/RR                NLS_CURRENCY=ރ.                   example: 12/31/16
MALTA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MALTA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD/MM/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 12/31/2016
MAURITANIA          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MAURITANIA               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ا.م.                 example: 31/12/2016
MEXICO              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MEXICO                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
MONTENEGRO          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MONTENEGRO               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR.                 NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31.12.2016.
MOROCCO             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=MOROCCO                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.م.                 example: 31/12/2016
NEPAL               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=NEPAL                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD/MM/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=र                    example: 12/31/2016
NEW ZEALAND         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=NEW ZEALAND              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
NICARAGUA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=NICARAGUA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=C$                   example: 31/12/2016
NIGERIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=NIGERIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/fmMM/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=₦                    example: 31/12/2016
NORWAY              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=NORWAY                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=kr                   example: 31.12.2016
OMAN                NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=OMAN                     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ر.ع.                 example: 31/12/2016
PAKISTAN            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PAKISTAN                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=PKR                  example: 31/12/2016
PANAMA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PANAMA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=B/                   example: 12/31/2016
PARAGUAY            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PARAGUAY                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmDD/MM/RR                  NLS_CURRENCY=G                    example: 12/31/16
PERU                NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PERU                     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=S/                   example: 31/12/2016
PHILIPPINES         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PHILIPPINES              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=MM/DD/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=Php                  example: 12/31/2016
POLAND              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=POLAND                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR/MM/DD                    NLS_CURRENCY=zł                   example: 2016-12-31
PORTUGAL            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PORTUGAL                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RR.MM.DD                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31-12-2016
PUERTO RICO         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=PUERTO RICO              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=$                    example: 31/12/2016
QATAR               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=QATAR                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ر.ق.                 example: 31/12/2016
ROMANIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ROMANIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=LEI                  example: 31.12.2016
RUSSIA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=RUSSIA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=₽                    example: 31.12.2016
SAUDI ARABIA        NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SAUDI ARABIA             NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ر.س.                 example: 31/12/2016
SENEGAL             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SENEGAL                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=CFA                  example: 31/12/2016
SERBIA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SERBIA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR.                 NLS_CURRENCY=RSD                  example: 31.12.2016.
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRNLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SERBIA AND MONTENEGR     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=din.                 example: 31.12.2016
SINGAPORE           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SINGAPORE                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=S$                   example: 31/12/2016
SLOVAKIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SLOVAKIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=Sk                   example: 31.12.16
SLOVENIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SLOVENIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=SIT                  example: 31.12.16
SOMALIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SOMALIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ش.ص.                 example: 31/12/2016
SOUTH AFRICA        NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SOUTH AFRICA             NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MON/RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=R                    example: 2016/12/31
SPAIN               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SPAIN                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31/12/2016
SRI LANKA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SRI LANKA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR/fmMM/fmDD              NLS_CURRENCY=ريال                 example: 2016/12/31   
SUDAN               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SUDAN                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ج.س.                 example: 31/12/2016
SWEDEN              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SWEDEN                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=RRRR-MM-DD                  NLS_CURRENCY=Kr                   example: 2016-12-31
SWITZERLAND         NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.'                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SWITZERLAND              NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=SFr.                 example: 31.12.2016
SYRIA               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=SYRIA                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ل.س.                 example: 31/12/2016
TAIWAN              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=TAIWAN                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=NT$                  example: 2016/12/31
TANZANIA            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=TANZANIA                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=fmMM/DD/RRRR                NLS_CURRENCY=TSh                  example: 12/31/2016
THAILAND            NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=THAILAND                 NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD MON RRRR                 NLS_CURRENCY=฿                    example: 31/12/2016
THE NETHERLANDS     NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=THE NETHERLANDS          NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=€                    example: 31-12-2016
TUNISIA             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=TUNISIA                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.ت.                 example: 31/12/2016
TURKEY              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=TURKEY                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=₺                    example: 31.12.2016
UGANDA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=UGANDA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=CFA                  example: 31/12/2016
UKRAINE             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,                       NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=UKRAINE                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=грн.                 example: 31.12.2016
UNITED ARAB EMIRATESNLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=UNITED ARAB EMIRATES     NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=د.إ.                 example: 31/12/2016
UNITED KINGDOM      NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=UNITED KINGDOM           NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MON-RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=£                    example: 31/12/2016
URUGUAY             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=URUGUAY                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=NU$                  example: 31/12/2016
UZBEKISTAN          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=UZBEKISTAN               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MON/RR                   NLS_CURRENCY=UZS                  example: 31/DEC/16
VENEZUELA           NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=VENEZUELA                NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=Bs                   example: 31/12/2016
VIETNAM             NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=VIETNAM                  NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD-MM-RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=₫                    example: 31-12-2016
YEMEN               NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=YEMEN                    NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RR                    NLS_CURRENCY=ر.ي.                 example: 31/12/2016
YUGOSLAVIA          NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=,.                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=YUGOSLAVIA               NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD.MM.RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=din.                 example: 31.12.2016
ZAMBIA              NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTE=.,                      NLS_ISO_CURRENCY=ZAMBIA                   NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DD/MM/RRRR                  NLS_CURRENCY=ZK                   example: 31/12/2016

LANGUAGE

The LANGUAGE sets the linguistic sorting and the language used for words in dates. I display the long date example of last day of 2016.


SQL> with 
  2  function nls_language_defaults(t varchar2) return varchar2 as 
  3   s varchar2(2017):='';
  4  begin 
  5   execute immediate 'alter session set nls_language='''||t||''''; 
  6   for i in (select * from nls_session_parameters where parameter in ('NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE','NLS_SORT') order by parameter desc)
  7   loop
  8    s:=s||lpad(i.parameter,20)||'='||rpad(i.value,20);
  9   end loop;
 10   return s||' example: '||to_char(trunc(sysdate,'yy')-1,'dl');  
 11  end;
 12  select rpad(value,20)||nls_language_defaults(value) "LANGUAGE            default NLS settings" from v$nls_valid_values where parameter='LANGUAGE' order by 1
 13  /
 
LANGUAGE                        default NLS settings                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ALBANIAN                        NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ALBANIAN             example: E Shtunë, Dhjetor 31, 2016
AMERICAN                        NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=AMERICAN             example: Saturday, December 31, 2016
AMHARIC                         NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=AMHARIC              example: ቅዳሜ, ዲሴምበር 31, 2016
ARABIC                          NLS_SORT=ARABIC                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ARABIC               example: السبت, ديسمبر 31, 2016
ARMENIAN                        NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ARMENIAN             example: Շաբա, Դեկտեմբեր 31, 2016
ASSAMESE                        NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ASSAMESE             example: শনিবাৰ, ডিচেম্বৰ 31, 2016 
AZERBAIJANI                     NLS_SORT=AZERBAIJANI            NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=AZERBAIJANI          example: Şənbə, Dekabr 31, 2016
BANGLA                          NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=BANGLA               example: শনিবার, ডিসেম্বর 31, 2016 
BELARUSIAN                      NLS_SORT=RUSSIAN                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=BELARUSIAN           example: Субота, Сьнежань 31, 2016
BENGALI                         NLS_SORT=BENGALI                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=BENGALI              example: শনিবার, ডিসেমর 31, 2016
BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE            NLS_SORT=WEST_EUROPEAN          NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE example: Sábado, Dezembro 31, 2016
BULGARIAN                       NLS_SORT=BULGARIAN              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=BULGARIAN            example: Събота, Декември 31, 2016
CANADIAN FRENCH                 NLS_SORT=CANADIAN_M             NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CANADIAN FRENCH      example: Samedi, Décembre 31, 2016
CATALAN                         NLS_SORT=CATALAN                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CATALAN              example: Dissabte, Desembre 31, 2016
CROATIAN                        NLS_SORT=CROATIAN               NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CROATIAN             example: Subota, Prosinac 31, 2016
CYRILLIC KAZAKH                 NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CYRILLIC KAZAKH      example: Сенбі, Желтоқсан 31, 2016
CYRILLIC SERBIAN                NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CYRILLIC SERBIAN     example: Субота, Децембар 31, 2016
CYRILLIC UZBEK                  NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CYRILLIC UZBEK       example: Шанба, Декабр 31, 2016
CZECH                           NLS_SORT=CZECH                  NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=CZECH                example: Sobota, Prosinec 31, 2016
DANISH                          NLS_SORT=DANISH                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=DANISH               example: Lørdag, December 31, 2016
DARI                            NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=DARI                 example: شنبه, دسمبر 31, 2016
DIVEHI                          NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=DIVEHI               example: ހޮނިހިރު, ޑިސެމްބަރ 31, 2016
DUTCH                           NLS_SORT=DUTCH                  NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=DUTCH                example: Zaterdag, December 31, 2016
EGYPTIAN                        NLS_SORT=ARABIC                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=EGYPTIAN             example: السبت, ديسمبر 31, 2016
ENGLISH                         NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ENGLISH              example: Saturday, December 31, 2016
ESTONIAN                        NLS_SORT=ESTONIAN               NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ESTONIAN             example: Laupäev, Detsember 31, 2016
FINNISH                         NLS_SORT=FINNISH                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=FINNISH              example: Lauantai, Joulukuu 31, 2016
FRENCH                          NLS_SORT=FRENCH                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=FRENCH               example: Samedi, Décembre 31, 2016
GERMAN                          NLS_SORT=GERMAN                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=GERMAN               example: Samstag, Dezember 31, 2016
GERMAN DIN                      NLS_SORT=GERMAN                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=GERMAN DIN           example: Samstag, Dezember 31, 2016
GREEK                           NLS_SORT=GREEK                  NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=GREEK                example: Σάββατο, Δεκέμβριος 31, 2016
GUJARATI                        NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=GUJARATI             example: શનિવાર, ડિસેમ્બર 31, 2016 
HEBREW                          NLS_SORT=HEBREW                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=HEBREW               example: שבת, דצמבר 31, 2016
HINDI                           NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=HINDI                example: शनिवार, दिसम्बर 31, 2016   
HUNGARIAN                       NLS_SORT=HUNGARIAN              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=HUNGARIAN            example: Szombat, December 31, 2016
ICELANDIC                       NLS_SORT=ICELANDIC              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ICELANDIC            example: Laugardagur, Desember 31, 2016
INDONESIAN                      NLS_SORT=INDONESIAN             NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=INDONESIAN           example: Sabtu, Desember 31, 2016
IRISH                           NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=IRISH                example: Dé Sathairn, Nollaig 31, 2016
ITALIAN                         NLS_SORT=WEST_EUROPEAN          NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ITALIAN              example: Sabato, Dicembre 31, 2016
JAPANESE                        NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=JAPANESE             example: 土曜日, 12月 31, 2016
KANNADA                         NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=KANNADA              example: ಶನಿವಾರ, ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 31, 2016 
KHMER                           NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=KHMER                example: ថ្ងៃសៅរ៍, ធ្នូ 31, 2016  
KOREAN                          NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=KOREAN               example: 토요일, 12월 31, 2016
LAO                             NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LAO                  example: ວັນເສົາ, ທັນວາ 31, 2016
LATIN AMERICAN SPANI            NLS_SORT=SPANISH                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LATIN AMERICAN SPANI example: Sábado, Diciembre 31, 2016
LATIN BOSNIAN                   NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LATIN BOSNIAN        example: Subota, Decembar 31, 2016
LATIN SERBIAN                   NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LATIN SERBIAN        example: Subota, Decembar 31, 2016
LATIN UZBEK                     NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LATIN UZBEK          example: Shanba, Dekabr 31, 2016
LATVIAN                         NLS_SORT=LATVIAN                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LATVIAN              example: Sestdiena, Decembris 31, 2016
LITHUANIAN                      NLS_SORT=LITHUANIAN             NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=LITHUANIAN           example: Šeštadienis, Gruodžio 31, 2016
MACEDONIAN                      NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=MACEDONIAN           example: Сабота, Декември 31, 2016
MALAY                           NLS_SORT=MALAY                  NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=MALAY                example: Sabtu, Disember 31, 2016
MALAYALAM                       NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=MALAYALAM            example: ശനിആഴ്ച, ഡിസംബര് 31, 2016  
MALTESE                         NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=MALTESE              example: Is-Sibt, Diċembru 31, 2016
MARATHI                         NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=MARATHI              example: शनिवार, डिसेंबर 31, 2016    
MEXICAN SPANISH                 NLS_SORT=WEST_EUROPEAN          NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=MEXICAN SPANISH      example: Sábado, Diciembre 31, 2016
NEPALI                          NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=NEPALI               example: शनिबार, डिसेम्बर 31, 2016    
NORWEGIAN                       NLS_SORT=NORWEGIAN              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=NORWEGIAN            example: Lørdag, Desember 31, 2016
ORIYA                           NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ORIYA                example: ଶନିବାର, ଡିସେମ୍ବର 31, 2016 
PERSIAN                         NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=PERSIAN              example: شنبه, دسامبر 31, 2016
POLISH                          NLS_SORT=POLISH                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=POLISH               example: Sobota, Grudzień 31, 2016
PORTUGUESE                      NLS_SORT=WEST_EUROPEAN          NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=PORTUGUESE           example: Sábado, Dezembro 31, 2016
PUNJABI                         NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=PUNJABI              example: ਸ਼ਨਿਚੱਰਵਾਰ, ਦਸੰਬਰ 31, 2016
ROMANIAN                        NLS_SORT=ROMANIAN               NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=ROMANIAN             example: Sâmbătă, Decembrie 31, 2016
RUSSIAN                         NLS_SORT=RUSSIAN                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=RUSSIAN              example: Суббота, Декабрь 31, 2016
SIMPLIFIED CHINESE              NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SIMPLIFIED CHINESE   example: 星期六, 12月 31, 2016
SINHALA                         NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SINHALA              example: සෙනසුරාදා, දෙසැම්බර් 31, 2016  
SLOVAK                          NLS_SORT=SLOVAK                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SLOVAK               example: Sobota, December 31, 2016
SLOVENIAN                       NLS_SORT=SLOVENIAN              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SLOVENIAN            example: Sobota, December 31, 2016
SPANISH                         NLS_SORT=SPANISH                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SPANISH              example: Sábado, Diciembre 31, 2016
SWAHILI                         NLS_SORT=GENERIC_M              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SWAHILI              example: Jumamosi, Desemba 31, 2016
SWEDISH                         NLS_SORT=SWEDISH                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=SWEDISH              example: Lördag, December 31, 2016
TAMIL                           NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=TAMIL                example: சனிக்கிழமை, டிசம்பர் 31, 2016   
TELUGU                          NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=TELUGU               example: శనివారం, డిసెంబర్ 31, 2016 
THAI                            NLS_SORT=THAI_DICTIONARY        NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=THAI                 example: เสาร์, ธันวาคม 31, 2016  
TRADITIONAL CHINESE             NLS_SORT=BINARY                 NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=TRADITIONAL CHINESE  example: 星期六, 12月 31, 2016
TURKISH                         NLS_SORT=TURKISH                NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=TURKISH              example: Cumartesi, Aralık 31, 2016
UKRAINIAN                       NLS_SORT=UKRAINIAN              NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=UKRAINIAN            example: Субота, Грудень 31, 2016
VIETNAMESE                      NLS_SORT=VIETNAMESE             NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=VIETNAMESE           example: Thứ Bảy, Tháng MườI Hai 31, 2016

NLS_LANG

Note that you can also set the NLS settings with environment variables, but you can do that only if NLS_LANG is set. This means that you must set NLS_LANG first, which sets the LANGUAGE and TERRITORY, and then set for example NLS_DATE_FORMAT.

Here is an example.
I set NLS_DATE_FORMAT from the environment:


[oracle@VM102 data]$ export NLS_DATE_FORMAT=DL

but the date format is the set in my session:

[oracle@VM102 data]$ sqlplus -s / as sysdba <<< "select sysdate from dual;"
 
SYSDATE
---------
04-JAN-17

Now I set NLS_LANG (and you don’t need to specify a LANGUAGE, TERRITORY or CHARACTERSET, just put the separators ‘_’ and ‘.’)


[oracle@VM102 data]$ export NLS_LANG="_."

And now my NLS_DATE_FORMAT is taken into account


[oracle@VM102 data]$ sqlplus -s / as sysdba <<< "select sysdate from dual;"
 
SYSDATE
-----------------------------
Wednesday, January 04, 2017

In general you should set NLS_LANG on any client, to the LANGUAGE and TERRITORY you want to display to client (or store in file, or manage by the application server).

I wish you an Happy New Year 2017.

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