{"id":9716,"date":"2017-01-27T21:51:01","date_gmt":"2017-01-27T20:51:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\/"},"modified":"2023-06-08T16:17:27","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T14:17:27","slug":"temporal-tables-with-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\/","title":{"rendered":"Temporal tables with PostgreSQL"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Mouhamadou Diaw<\/strong><\/p>\n

In this blog we are going to talk about a nice extension in PostgreSQL: temporal_tables<\/span>. This extension provides support for temporal tables.
\nWhat is a temporal table? Just a table that tracks the period of validity of a row.
\nWhen implemented, this feature allows you to specify that old rows are archived into another table (that is called the history table). This can be useful for many purposes
\n-Audit
\n-Comparison
\n-Checking table state in the past
\nFirst we have to install the temporal_table extension. We are going to use the pgxn client to install the extension.
\nInstall the yum repository for PostgreSQL
\n
\n[root@pgserver1 ~]# rpm -ivh https:\/\/download.postgresql.org\/pub\/repos\/yum\/9.6\/redhat\/rhel-7-x86_64\/pgdg-oraclelinux96-9.6-3.noarch.rpm
\nRetrieving https:\/\/download.postgresql.org\/pub\/repos\/yum\/9.6\/redhat\/rhel-7-x86_64\/pgdg-oraclelinux96-9.6-3.noarch.rpm
\nwarning: \/var\/tmp\/rpm-tmp.3q9X12: Header V4 DSA\/SHA1 Signature, key ID 442df0f8: NOKEY
\nPreparing... ################################# [100%]
\nUpdating \/ installing...
\n1:pgdg-oraclelinux96-9.6-3 ################################# [100%]
\n[root@pgserver1 ~]#
\n<\/code>
\nAnd after we install the pgxn client
\n
\nroot@pgserver1 ~]# yum search pgxn
\nLoaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
\npgdg96 | 4.1 kB 00:00:00
\n(1\/2): pgdg96\/7Server\/x86_64\/group_gz | 249 B 00:00:00
\n(2\/2): pgdg96\/7Server\/x86_64\/primary_db | 127 kB 00:00:00
\n==================================================== N\/S matched: pgxn =====================================================
\npgxnclient.x86_64 : Command line tool designed to interact with the PostgreSQL Extension Network
\nName and summary matches only, use \"search all\" for everything.
\n<\/code>
\n
\n[root@pgserver1 ~]# yum install pgxnclient.x86_64
\nLoaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
\nResolving Dependencies
\n--> Running transaction check
\n---> Package pgxnclient.x86_64 0:1.2.1-2.rhel7 will be installed
\n....
\n....
\nInstalled:
\npgxnclient.x86_64 0:1.2.1-2.rhel7
\nComplete!
\n[root@pgserver1 ~]#
\n<\/code>
\nAnd finally we can install the extension
\n
\n[root@pgserver1 ~]# pgxn install temporal_tables --pg_config=\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/bin\/pg_config
\nINFO: best version: temporal_tables 1.1.1
\nINFO: saving \/tmp\/tmpJit39m\/temporal_tables-1.1.1.zip
\nINFO: unpacking: \/tmp\/tmpJit39m\/temporal_tables-1.1.1.zip
\nINFO: building extension
\ngcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -DMAP_HUGETLB=0x40000 -fpic -I. -I.\/ -I\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/include\/postgresql\/server -I\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/include\/postgresql\/internal -D_GNU_SOURCE -I\/opt\/local\/Current\/include\/libxml2 -I\/opt\/local\/Current\/include -c -o temporal_tables.o temporal_tables.c
\ngcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -DMAP_HUGETLB=0x40000 -fpic -I. -I.\/ -I\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/include\/postgresql\/server -I\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/include\/postgresql\/internal -D_GNU_SOURCE -I\/opt\/local\/Current\/include\/libxml2 -I\/opt\/local\/Current\/include -c -o versioning.o versioning.c
\ngcc -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -O2 -DMAP_HUGETLB=0x40000 -fpic -shared -o temporal_tables.so temporal_tables.o versioning.o -L\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/lib -L\/opt\/local\/Current\/lib -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/lib',--enable-new-dtags
\nINFO: installing extension
\n\/bin\/mkdir -p '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/lib\/postgresql'
\n\/bin\/mkdir -p '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/share\/postgresql\/extension'
\n\/bin\/mkdir -p '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/share\/postgresql\/extension'
\n\/bin\/mkdir -p '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/doc\/postgresql\/extension'
\n\/usr\/bin\/install -c -m 755 temporal_tables.so '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/lib\/postgresql\/temporal_tables.so'
\n\/usr\/bin\/install -c -m 644 .\/\/temporal_tables.control '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/share\/postgresql\/extension\/'
\n\/usr\/bin\/install -c -m 644 .\/\/temporal_tables--1.1.1.sql .\/\/temporal_tables--1.0.0--1.0.1.sql .\/\/temporal_tables--1.0.1--1.0.2.sql .\/\/temporal_tables--1.0.2--1.1.0.sql .\/\/temporal_tables--1.1.0--1.1.1.sql '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/share\/postgresql\/extension\/'
\n\/usr\/bin\/install -c -m 644 .\/\/README.md '\/u01\/app\/PostgreSQL\/9.6\/doc\/postgresql\/extension\/'
\n[root@pgserver1 ~]#
\n<\/code>
\nOnce the installation done, we can load it in our database.
\n
\n[postgres@pgserver1 extension]$ psql
\nPassword:
\npsql.bin (9.6.1)
\nType \"help\" for help.
\npostgres=# CREATE EXTENSION temporal_tables;
\nCREATE EXTENSION
\npostgres=#
\n<\/code>
\nWe can then verify that the temporal extension is now present in our database.
\n
\npostgres=# dx
\nList of installed extensions
\nName | Version | Schema | Description
\n-----------------+---------+------------+-----------------------------------------
\nadminpack | 1.0 | pg_catalog | administrative functions for PostgreSQL
\nplpgsql | 1.0 | pg_catalog | PL\/pgSQL procedural language
\ntemporal_tables | 1.1.1 | public | temporal tables
\n(3 rows)<\/code><\/p>\n


\n<\/code><\/p>\n

postgres=# dx+ temporal_tables
\nObjects in extension \"temporal_tables\"
\nObject Description
\n----------------------------------------------------
\nfunction set_system_time(timestamp with time zone)
\nfunction versioning()
\n(2 rows)
\n<\/code>
\nFor the demonstration, we create the following table Customers
\n
\nCREATE TABLE Customers (
\nCustNo SERIAL NOT NULL,
\nCustName VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
\nstart_date timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
\nPRIMARY KEY (CustNo)
\n);
\n<\/code>
\nIn order to make this table system-period temporal table we should first add a system period column
\n
\npostgres=# ALTER TABLE Customers ADD COLUMN sys_period tstzrange NOT NULL;
\nALTER TABLE
\n<\/code>
\nThen we need a history table that contains archived rows of our table. The easiest way to create it is by using LIKE statement
\n
\npostgres=# CREATE TABLE Customers_history (LIKE Customers);
\nCREATE TABLE
\n<\/code>
\nFinally we create a trigger on our table to link it with the history table
\n
\npostgres=# CREATE TRIGGER customers_hist_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON Customers FOR EACH ROW
\nEXECUTE PROCEDURE versioning('sys_period', 'Customers_history', true);
\nCREATE TRIGGER
\npostgres=#
\n<\/code>
\nNow Let\u2019s insert data into customers
\n
\ninsert into customers (custname,start_date) values ('HP','2013-08-05 00:00:00');
\ninsert into customers (custname,start_date) values ('IBM','2014-10-10 00:00:00');
\ninsert into customers (custname,start_date) values ('DBI','2017-01-07 00:00:00');
\ninsert into customers (custname) values ('DHL');
\n<\/code>
\nWe can see below rows in customers.
\nFor example the row concerning IBM was inserted on 2017-01-26 10:48:49. Information stored in the sys_period column and represents the starting validity of the row. Note the borders [,)<\/span>. The lower bound is [ <\/span>and thus inclusive. The upper bound is )<\/span> which means it is exclusive.
\nFor IBM [“2017-01-26 10:48:49.768031+01”,) means
\nStart of validity: 2017-01-26 10:48:49.
\nEnd of validity: infinity (because there is nothing).
\n
\npostgres=# table customers;
\ncustno | custname | start_date | sys_period
\n--------+----------+----------------------------+------------------------------------
\n1 | IBM | 2014-10-10 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.768031+01\",)
\n2 | DBI | 2017-01-07 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.778487+01\",)
\n3 | DHL | 2017-01-26 10:48:49.841405 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.841405+01\",)
\n4 | HP | 2013-08-05 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:50:21.275201+01\",)
\n(4 rows)
\n<\/code>
\nThe table Customers_history is empty. This is normal because no update or delete are done, just we have inserted rows.
\n
\npostgres=# table customers_history;
\ncustno | custname | start_date | sys_period
\n--------+----------+------------+------------
\n(0 rows)
\npostgres=#
\n<\/code>
\nLet\u2019s do an update on customers, but before let\u2019s display the current time.
\n postgres=# select now();
\nnow
\n-------------------------------
\n2017-01-26 11:02:32.381634+01
\n(1 row)
\n<\/code>
\n
\npostgres=# update customers set custname='HPSuisse' where custno=4;
\nUPDATE 1
\npostgres=#
\n<\/code>
\nVerifying again the customers table, we can see that the validity of row concerning HPsuisse starts at 2017-01-26 11:02:46
\n
\npostgres=# table customers;
\ncustno | custname | start_date | sys_period
\n--------+----------+----------------------------+------------------------------------
\n1 | IBM | 2014-10-10 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.768031+01\",)
\n2 | DBI | 2017-01-07 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.778487+01\",)
\n3 | DHL | 2017-01-26 10:48:49.841405 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.841405+01\",)
\n4 | HPSuisse | 2013-08-05 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 11:02:46.347574+01\",)
\n(4 rows)
\n<\/code>
\nIf we now query the table customers_history, we can see the row updated on the table customers with the validity of the row.
\n
\npostgres=# table customers_history;
\ncustno | custname | start_date | sys_period
\n--------+----------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------
\n4 | HP | 2013-08-05 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:50:21.275201+01\",\"2017-01-26 11:02:46.347574+01\")
\n<\/code>
\nLet\u2019s do a delete on the table customers
\n
\npostgres=# select now();
\nnow
\n-------------------------------
\n2017-01-26 11:32:12.229105+01
\n(1 row)
\n<\/code>
\n
\npostgres=# delete from customers where custno=3;
\nDELETE 1
\n<\/code>
\nBelow rows in table customers
\n
\npostgres=# table customers;
\ncustno | custname | start_date | sys_period
\n--------+----------+---------------------+------------------------------------
\n1 | IBM | 2014-10-10 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.768031+01\",)
\n2 | DBI | 2017-01-07 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.778487+01\",)
\n4 | HPSuisse | 2013-08-05 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 11:02:46.347574+01\",)
\n(3 rows)
\n<\/code>
\nAnd in the history table, we can see a new row with the validity date.
\n
\npostgres=# table customers_history;
\ncustno | custname | start_date | sys_period
\n--------+----------+----------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------
\n4 | HP | 2013-08-05 00:00:00 | [\"2017-01-26 10:50:21.275201+01\",\"2017-01-26 11:02:46.347574+01\")
\n3 | DHL | 2017-01-26 10:48:49.841405 | [\"2017-01-26 10:48:49.841405+01\",\"2017-01-26 11:32:15.370438+01\")
\n(2 rows)
\n<\/code>
\nConclusion<\/b>
\nIn this blog we see how temporal tables can be implemented with PostgreSQL using extention temporal_table. This feature can help for auditing, archiving,…
\nAnd the history table can be moved to lower storage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Mouhamadou Diaw In this blog we are going to talk about a nice extension in PostgreSQL: temporal_tables. This extension provides support for temporal tables. What is a temporal table? Just a table that tracks the period of validity of a row. When implemented, this feature allows you to specify that old rows are archived […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[229],"tags":[378,586,1026],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-9716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-database-administration-monitoring","tag-extension","tag-postegresql","tag-temporal-tables"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTemporal tables with PostgreSQL - dbi Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PostegreSQL, extension, temporal tables\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Temporal tables with PostgreSQL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"PostegreSQL, extension, temporal tables\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"dbi Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-01-27T20:51:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-06-08T14:17:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Oracle Team\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Oracle Team\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Oracle Team\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/66ab87129f2d357f09971bc7936a77ee\"},\"headline\":\"Temporal tables with PostgreSQL\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-01-27T20:51:01+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-06-08T14:17:27+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":435,\"commentCount\":0,\"keywords\":[\"Extension\",\"PostegreSQL\",\"temporal tables\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Database Administration & Monitoring\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/temporal-tables-with-postgresql\\\/\",\"name\":\"Temporal tables with PostgreSQL - 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