{"id":7534,"date":"2016-04-13T15:35:17","date_gmt":"2016-04-13T13:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/oracle-12c-unified-auditing-feature-in-a-multitenant-environment\/"},"modified":"2023-06-08T15:08:30","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T13:08:30","slug":"oracle-12c-unified-auditing-feature-in-a-multitenant-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/oracle-12c-unified-auditing-feature-in-a-multitenant-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"Oracle 12C Unified Auditing Feature in a multitenant environment"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Mouhamadou Diaw<\/strong><\/p>\n

In oracle 12c we have a new feature called Unified Auditing.<\/p>\n

What is it, how to implement it, how it works in a multitenant environment that\u2019s what we will try to explain briefly in this article.<\/p>\n

Traditional oracle audit involves many audit-trail locations and tables and does not follow a standard.<\/p>\n

To help with this oracle 12c has introduced Unified Auditing<\/p>\n

\u00a01- Enabling Unified Auditing<\/h3>\n

By default the feature is disabled<\/p>\n

\n
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SQL> <\/code>select<\/code> value <\/code>from<\/code> v$<\/code>option<\/code> where<\/code> lower<\/code>(parameter)=<\/code>'unified auditing'<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
VALUE<\/code><\/div>\n
----------------------------------------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
FALSE<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

To enable we have to relink in the $ORACLE_HOME\/rdbms\/lib (listeners and databases should be stopped)<\/p>\n

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oracle@vmoratest1:<\/code>\/u00\/app\/oracle\/product\/12<\/code>.1.0<\/code>\/db_2_0\/rdbms\/lib\/<\/code> [CDB1P] <\/code>pwd<\/code><\/div>\n
\/u00\/app\/oracle\/product\/12<\/code>.1.0<\/code>\/db_2_0\/rdbms\/lib<\/code><\/div>\n
oracle@vmoratest1 $ <\/code>make<\/code> -f ins_rdbms.mk uniaud_on ioracle ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_HOME<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

And now the unified auditing is enabled<\/p>\n

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SQL> <\/code>select<\/code> value <\/code>from<\/code> v$<\/code>option<\/code> where<\/code> lower<\/code>(parameter)=<\/code>'unified auditing'<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
VALUE<\/code><\/div>\n
----------------------------------------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
TRUE<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

2- Create audit policies<\/h3>\n

The first step is to create audit policies.<\/p>\n

In a multitenant environment we have two types of audit policies: local audit policy and common audit policy<\/p>\n

2.1- Local audit policies<\/h4>\n

Apply only to the current PDB (it is the default, CURRENT is optional)<\/p>\n

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CREATE<\/code> AUDIT POLICY policy_name<\/code><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/code>action1 [,action2 ]<\/code><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/code>CONTAINER = <\/code>CURRENT<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
2.1.1- System privilege policies<\/h5>\n

These\u00a0\u00a0policies are based on system privileges<\/p>\n

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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>create<\/code> audit policy my_sysprivs_audit_pdbp1 <\/code>PRIVILEGES<\/code> SELECT<\/code> ANY<\/code> TABLE<\/code>, <\/code>ALTER<\/code> ANY<\/code> TABLE<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Audit policy created.<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>select<\/code> distinct<\/code> POLICY_NAME, COMMON <\/code>from<\/code> audit_unified_policies <\/code>where<\/code> lower<\/code>(policy_name) <\/code>like<\/code> 'my%'<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
POLICY_NAME\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 COM<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------- ---<\/code><\/div>\n
MY_SYSPRIVS_AUDIT_PDBP1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>NO<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
2.1.2- Object privilege policies<\/h5>\n

These\u00a0policies are based on object privileges<\/p>\n

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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>create<\/code> audit policy my_objprivs_audit_pdbp1 ACTIONS <\/code>SELECT<\/code>, <\/code>DELETE<\/code>, <\/code>UPDATE<\/code> ON<\/code> SCOTT.DEPT_BIS;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Audit policy created.<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
2.1.3- Mix audit policies<\/h5>\n

Based on both object and system privileges<\/p>\n

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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>create<\/code> audit policy my_mix_audit_pdbp1 <\/code>PRIVILEGES<\/code> CREATE<\/code> ANY<\/code> TABLE<\/code>, <\/code>ALTER<\/code> USER<\/code> ACTIONS <\/code>SELECT<\/code> ON<\/code> SCOTT.EMP, <\/code>ALTER<\/code> DATABASE<\/code> LINK;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Audit policy created.<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
2.1.4- Function based policies<\/h5>\n

A very interesting thing is that we can have\u00a0more complex policies using some oracle functions (note that all functions are not supported: see oracle doc for more info).<\/p>\n

For example, we can create an audit policy for users querying SCOTT EMP table using SQL Developer<\/p>\n

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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>create<\/code> audit policy my_sqldvper_audit_pdbp1 ACTIONS <\/code>SELECT<\/code> ON<\/code> scott.emp <\/code>WHEN<\/code> 'upper(SYS_CONTEXT('<\/code>'USERENV'<\/code>','<\/code>'MODULE'<\/code>'))='<\/code>'SQL DEVELOPER'<\/code>''<\/code> EVALUATE PER STATEMENT;<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

2.2- common audit policies<\/h4>\n

Apply to all pluggable databases and concern only common objects. Can be defined only when connecting to the root container<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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CREATE<\/code> AUDIT POLICY policy <\/code>name<\/code><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/code>action1 [,action2 ]<\/code><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/code>CONTAINER = <\/code>ALL<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Let’s consider the following example<\/p>\n

c##scott_common_role is a common role<\/p>\n

PDB1P and PDB2P are 2 pluggable databases<\/p>\n

\"audit3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

I can create a global audit policy for both pluggable databases to audit SELECT on SCOTT tables (in the 2 pluggable databases).
\nFor this I can do the following steps<\/p>\n

2.2.1- Create a common role in the root container<\/h5>\n
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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
CDB$ROOT<\/code><\/div>\n
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SQL> <\/code>create<\/code> role c##scott_common_role container=<\/code>all<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
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Role created.<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
2.2.2- Grant SELECT to the common role and grant the role to users<\/h5>\n
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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
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SQL> <\/code>grant<\/code> select<\/code> on<\/code> scott.salgrade <\/code>to<\/code> c##scott_common_role;<\/code><\/div>\n
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Grant<\/code> succeeded.<\/code><\/div>\n
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SQL> <\/code>grant<\/code> c##scott_common_role <\/code>to<\/code> locuser;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Grant<\/code> succeeded.<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
2.2.3- create a global audit policy using the common role<\/h5>\n
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SQL> <\/code>create<\/code> audit policy my_common_policy ROLES c##scott_common_role container=<\/code>all<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
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Audit policy created.<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

And then every time that the user locuser will query the SALGRADE table, an audit record will be added (policy should be enabled, please see next section).<\/p>\n

3- Enable Policies<\/h3>\n

After creating policies, just enable them by using AUDIT (NOAUDIT to disable)<\/p>\n

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SQL> audit policy MY_OBJPRIVS_AUDIT_PDBP1;<\/code><\/div>\n
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Audit succeeded.<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Querying AUDIT_UNIFIED_ENABLED_POLICIES, we can see that there are also 2 predefined policies by oracle<\/p>\n

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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
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CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
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SQL> <\/code>select<\/code> * <\/code>from<\/code> audit_unified_enabled_policies;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
USER_NAME\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 POLICY_NAME\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ENABLED_ SUC FAI<\/code><\/div>\n
-------------------- ------------------------- -------- --- ---<\/code><\/div>\n
ALL<\/code> USERS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ORA_SECURECONFIG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>BY<\/code>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES YES<\/code><\/div>\n
ALL<\/code> USERS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ORA_LOGON_FAILURES\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>BY<\/code>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NO<\/code>\u00a0 YES<\/code><\/div>\n
ALL<\/code> USERS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MY_OBJPRIVS_AUDIT_PDBP1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>BY<\/code>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES YES<\/code><\/div>\n
ALL<\/code> USERS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MY_MIX_AUDIT_PDBP1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>BY<\/code>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES YES<\/code><\/div>\n
ALL<\/code> USERS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MY_SYSPRIVS_AUDIT_PDBP1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>BY<\/code>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES YES<\/code><\/div>\n
ALL<\/code> USERS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MY_SQLDVPER_AUDIT_PDBP1\u00a0\u00a0 <\/code>BY<\/code>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YES YES<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

4- Audit results<\/h3>\n

All results of Unified auditing are stored in one table UNIFIED_AUDIT_TRAIL and should be queried from the concerning database<\/p>\n

\n
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\n
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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>select<\/code> dbusername,event_timestamp,sql_text,CLIENT_PROGRAM_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
from<\/code> unified_audit_trail <\/code>where<\/code> upper<\/code>(sql_text) <\/code>like<\/code> '%EMP%'<\/code><\/div>\n
and<\/code> upper<\/code>(CLIENT_PROGRAM_NAME) <\/code>like<\/code> '%DEVELOPER%'<\/code>;<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
DBUSERNAME EVENT_TIMESTAMP SQL_TEXT CLIENT_PROGRAM_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
---------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
LOCUSER 21.03.16 14:17:10.092721 <\/code>select<\/code> * <\/code>from<\/code> scott.emp SQL Developer<\/code><\/div>\n
SCOTT 21.03.16 14:36:47.873091 <\/code>select<\/code> * <\/code>from<\/code> scott.emp SQL Developer<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

5-Audit purge<\/h3>\n

To purge the UNIFIED_AUDIT_TRAIL, the traditional delete will not work<\/p>\n

\n
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SQL> show con_name<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
CON_NAME<\/code><\/div>\n
------------------------------<\/code><\/div>\n
PDB1P<\/code><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
SQL> <\/code>delete<\/code> from<\/code> unified_audit_trail;<\/code><\/div>\n
delete<\/code> from<\/code> unified_audit_trail<\/code><\/div>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/code>*<\/code><\/div>\n
ERROR <\/code>at<\/code> line 1:<\/code><\/div>\n
ORA-02030: can <\/code>only<\/code> select<\/code> from<\/code> fixed tables\/views<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

We have to use DBMS_AUDIT_MGMT.CLEAN_AUDIT_TRAIL<\/p>\n

Conclusion:<\/h3>\n

Oracle unified auditing in a multitenant environment is managed in the same way that in a traditional database except the notion of common global policy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Mouhamadou Diaw In oracle 12c we have a new feature called Unified Auditing. What is it, how to implement it, how it works in a multitenant environment that\u2019s what we will try to explain briefly in this article. Traditional oracle audit involves many audit-trail locations and tables and does not follow a standard. To […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":7536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[229],"tags":[],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-7534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-administration-monitoring"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nOracle 12C Unified Auditing in a multitenant environment<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Oracle 12C Unified Auditing , pluggable databases, common global policy, local policy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/oracle-12c-unified-auditing-feature-in-a-multitenant-environment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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