{"id":5417,"date":"2015-08-30T20:47:58","date_gmt":"2015-08-30T18:47:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/database-cloud-service-performance-cpu\/"},"modified":"2015-08-30T20:47:58","modified_gmt":"2015-08-30T18:47:58","slug":"database-cloud-service-performance-cpu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/database-cloud-service-performance-cpu\/","title":{"rendered":"DataBase Cloud Service performance \u2013 CPU"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>By Franck Pachot<\/h2>\n<p>.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"float:right\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/cloud.png\" alt=\"cloud\" width=\"50\" height=\"50\"> In the previous <a href=\"http:\/\/dbi-services.com\/blog\/database-cloud-service-performance-iops\/\" title=\"DataBase Cloud Service performance \u2013 IOPS\">blog post<\/a> I&#8217;ve measured the physical i\/o performance, with SLOB.<\/p>\n<p>We can run the same with a small size of data and a large buffer cache in order to measure logical reads (LIOs) and CPU performance.<\/p>\n<h1>What is an OCPU?<\/h1>\n<p>Except if you are licensed in NUP, you are already used to pay the Oracle database usage per CPU. The processor metric is socket for Standard Edition, or cores (with a core factor) for Enterprise Edition. And you pay for the processors you have physically, except for the hypervisors where Oracle accepts to count the vCPUs.<\/p>\n<p>In the Cloud, you&#8217;re on Oracle VM where hard partitioning is accepted. Pricing is done on virtual CPU &#8211; called &#8216;OCPU&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>When you create a new service in the Database Cloud Services, you choose the &#8216;compute shape&#8217; you want:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OC4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OC4.png\" alt=\"OC4\" width=\"895\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3441\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The definition of OCU is: OCPU is defined as the CPU capacity equivalent of one physical core of an Intel Xeon processor with<br \/>\nhyper threading enabled. And you pay the Database Cloud Services per OCP (see <a href=\"https:\/\/cloud.oracle.com\/database?tabID=1406491812773\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">pricing list<\/a>). Here I&#8217;ve chosen 2 OCPU which means that I have 4 threads.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;ve already posted the details of lscpu and \/proc\/cpuinfo in a <a href=\"http:\/\/dbi-services.com\/blog\/oracle-database-cloud-service-dbaas\/\" title=\"Oracle Database Cloud Service \u2013 DBaaS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previous post<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Basically we have 4 threads from Intel Xeon E5-2690 v2 (3GHz) cores. So it looks like we have Sun Server X4-2 behind.<br \/>\nIt&#8217;s virtualized with Xen, So probably OVM (Twitter discussion about it: <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/OracleSK\/status\/636544116483072000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/OracleSK\/status\/636544116483072000<\/a>)<\/p>\n<h1>Run LIOs test<\/h1>\n<p>Let&#8217;s run the cached SLOB at it and compare it with a physical machine with same E5-2690 v2.<br \/>\nI&#8217;ve set a large buffer cache, and small SLOB scale (but large enough because I don&#8217;t want to be in cpu cache).<\/p>\n<pre><code>\n[oracle@test-perf SLOB]$ sh runit.sh 1\nNOTIFY : 2015.08.30-11:38:48 :\nNOTIFY : 2015.08.30-11:38:48 : Conducting SLOB pre-test checks.\n&nbsp;\nUPDATE_PCT: 0\nRUN_TIME: 600\nWORK_LOOP: 0\nSCALE: 500M (64000 blocks)\nWORK_UNIT: 64\nREDO_STRESS: LITE\nHOT_SCHEMA_FREQUENCY: 0\nDO_HOTSPOT: FALSE\nHOTSPOT_MB: 8\nHOTSPOT_OFFSET_MB: 16\nHOTSPOT_FREQUENCY: 3\nTHINK_TM_FREQUENCY: 0\nTHINK_TM_MIN: .1\nTHINK_TM_MAX: .5\n...\nNOTIFY : 2015.08.30-11:49:07 : SLOB test is complete.\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>In the AWR report I check that I&#8217;m doing only logical reads:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nInstance Efficiency Percentages (Target 100%)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n            Buffer Nowait %:  100.00       Redo NoWait %:  100.00\n            Buffer  Hit   %:  100.00    In-memory Sort %:  100.00\n            Library Hit   %:  100.00        Soft Parse %:   99.66\n         Execute to Parse %:   99.98         Latch Hit %:  100.00\nParse CPU to Parse Elapsd %:  100.00     % Non-Parse CPU:   99.99\n          Flash Cache Hit %:    0.00\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Well, this it is probably the only case where I check the &#8216;buffer cache hit ratio&#8217; in an AWR report&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Then here are the LIOPS &#8211; logical reads per second:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nLoad Profile                    Per Second   Per Transaction  Per Exec  Per Call\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~            ---------------   --------------- --------- ---------\n             DB Time(s):               1.0              17.7      0.00      5.78\n              DB CPU(s):               1.0              17.6      0.00      5.74\n      Background CPU(s):               0.0               0.1      0.00      0.00\n      Redo size (bytes):           4,274.4          75,644.6\n  Logical read (blocks):         595,168.5      10,532,749.6\n          Block changes:              16.5             292.8\n Physical read (blocks):               0.1               2.1\nPhysical write (blocks):               1.0              18.3\n       Read IO requests:               0.1               2.1\n      Write IO requests:               0.5               9.1\n           Read IO (MB):               0.0               0.0\n          Write IO (MB):               0.0               0.1\n           IM scan rows:               0.0               0.0\nSession Logical Read IM:\n             User calls:               0.2               3.1\n           Parses (SQL):               2.0              34.4\n      Hard parses (SQL):               0.0               0.1\n     SQL Work Area (MB):               0.1               0.8\n                 Logons:               0.1               1.2\n         Executes (SQL):           9,002.4         159,315.5\n              Rollbacks:               0.0               0.0\n           Transactions:               0.1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>DB CPU usage is 1 second per second, which is what I want: I&#8217;ve run SLOB on one thread only, and all in CPU.<\/p>\n<p>So I can do 595168 LIOPS with one thread on that platform.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s compare with a physical server with same E5-2690 v2 (<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kevinclosson\/status\/636905086338342913\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/kevinclosson\/status\/636905086338342913<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/SLOB-physical.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/SLOB-physical.png\" alt=\"SLOB-physical\" width=\"746\" height=\"429\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3444\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This is good. I&#8217;ve no overhead (less than 0.5%) from being virtualized, and in the cloud, here.<\/p>\n<h1>%steal<\/h1>\n<p>Since Linux 2.6.11 (and we are here in OEL 6.4 &#8211; Linux 2.6.39), virtual CPU time accounting counts the time where process is on vCPU but waiting for physical CPU to be scheduled by the hypervisor. It&#8217;s an idle time displayed &#8216;steal&#8217; time:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\n11:00:01 AM     CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle\n11:10:01 AM     all      0.74      0.00      0.35      0.10      0.04     98.77\n11:20:01 AM     all      0.21      0.00      0.33      0.08      0.03     99.35\n11:30:01 AM     all      1.24      0.00      0.49      0.12      0.04     98.12\n11:40:01 AM     all     13.17      0.00      1.66      0.13      0.02     85.01\n11:50:01 AM     all     20.72      0.00      2.36      0.09      0.01     76.82\n12:00:01 PM     all      0.20      0.00      0.32      0.09      0.04     99.34\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Note that %iowait + %steal + %idle are all idle time. They detail on why it is idle (uninterruptible system call, wait for physical CPU, voluntary idle)<\/p>\n<p>The Oracle Cloud Services are probably not very busy yet, but even in the future, I don&#8217;t expect to see that %steal increasing because we pay for the allocated OCPU.<\/p>\n<h1>Threads<\/h1>\n<p>On a physical server, if I&#8217;ve 2 hyper-threaded cores, I expect to be able to run 2 processes with this LIO rate. Each process running on one core. If I run 4 processes, then the LIO rate will not double because hyperthreading don&#8217;t double the power of one core. It depends on the workload (time spend by one thread accessing RAM can be used by the other thread to process cpu).<\/p>\n<p>From above, the LIO rate of one thread in my 2 OCPU VM was 595,168 LIO\/s<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nLoad Profile                    Per Second   Per Transaction  Per Exec  Per Call\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~            ---------------   --------------- --------- ---------\n            DB Time(s):               1.0              17.7      0.00      5.78\n             DB CPU(s):               1.0              17.6      0.00      5.74\n Logical read (blocks):         595,168.5      10,532,749.6\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Here is the result if I run two threads:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nLoad Profile                    Per Second   Per Transaction  Per Exec  Per Call\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~            ---------------   --------------- --------- ---------\n            DB Time(s):               2.0              34.3      0.00      9.03\n             DB CPU(s):               2.0              34.3      0.00      9.03\n Logical read (blocks):       1,197,483.8      20,590,801.7\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Here I have two threads running (DB CPU per second = 2) and LIOPS is 1,197,483.8 , which is exactly two times the 595,168.5 from one thread.<\/p>\n<p>Good. My 2 OCPU are equivalent to two cores.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s try 3 threads:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nLoad Profile                    Per Second   Per Transaction  Per Exec  Per Call\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~            ---------------   --------------- --------- ---------\n            DB Time(s):               3.0              50.9      0.00     14.38\n             DB CPU(s):               3.0              50.9      0.00     14.38\n Logical read (blocks):       1,616,011.6      27,785,749.9\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Here, the factor from one thread is 1,616,011.6\/595,168.5=2.7 which is good again. The additional thread had to share the core with another one.<\/p>\n<p>And now all my 4 threads:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nLoad Profile                    Per Second   Per Transaction  Per Exec  Per Call\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~            ---------------   --------------- --------- ---------\n            DB Time(s):               4.0              68.6      0.00     17.03\n             DB CPU(s):               3.9              67.5      0.00     16.76\n Logical read (blocks):       2,110,565.1      36,241,718.6\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The DB CPU per second is not exactly 4.0 because I&#8217;ve other activity on the server so my 4 threads cannot use the 4 cpu.<\/p>\n<p>The factor from one thread 2,110,565.1\/595,168.5=3.5 show that we had an additional 0.7 with a second thread that shares a core.<\/p>\n<p>Note that this &#8216;0.7&#8217; factor is not a general number. It&#8217;s here with that SLOB configuration. Don&#8217;t expect the same from hyper-threading for any application. Even with SLOB a different WORK_UNIT parameter will have different hyper-threading benefit.<\/p>\n<h3>Update one week later<\/h3>\n<p>Here is an update after one week.<br \/>\nI&#8217;ve run the test with 1 to 8 threads scheduled every 15 minutes during one week on European cloud. Here is the averages over a week:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nDB Time(s)  DB CPU(s)      LIOPS  FACTOR\n         1        1.0    580 461     1.0\n         2        2.0  1 110 536     1.9\n         3        3.0  1 615 678     2.8\n         4        4.0  2 117 588     3.7\n         5        4.0  2 085 537     3.6\n         6        4.0  2 069 127     3.6\n         7        4.0  2 047 572     3.5\n         8        4.0  1 962 077     3.4\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>We can see that raising the number of threads raises the logical reads rate until we reach the 4 cpu. Then, DB Time is increasing (including wait in runqueue) and LIOPS decrease a bit because of that context switch overhead. Another remark is that we can&#8217;t say that the the first two threads always go to 2 cores. The factor being less than 2 for two threads, we can guess that sometimes they are hyperthreaded in the same core.<\/p>\n<h1>So what?<\/h1>\n<p>The numbers show that we have exactly what we have paid for: 2 OCP that are equivalent to 2 cores with 2-way hyper-threading. Of course, it&#8217;s good news. Now I have a good benchmark to check if this remains true when the Oracle Cloud Services will be more busy. I&#8217;ll keep an eye on the %steal that must remain near 0%<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Franck Pachot . In the previous blog post I&#8217;ve measured the physical i\/o performance, with SLOB. We can run the same with a small size of data and a large buffer cache in order to measure logical reads (LIOs) and CPU performance. What is an OCPU? Except if you are licensed in NUP, you&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":5420,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4133,59],"tags":[135,630,612,613,67],"class_list":["post-5417","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database","category-oracle","tag-cloud","tag-cpu-thread","tag-dbaas","tag-ocpu","tag-performance"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>DataBase Cloud Service performance \u2013 CPU - 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