{"id":3699,"date":"2014-04-11T01:04:00","date_gmt":"2014-04-10T23:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/how-to-install-and-manage-a-kerberos-server\/"},"modified":"2014-04-11T01:04:00","modified_gmt":"2014-04-10T23:04:00","slug":"how-to-install-and-manage-a-kerberos-server","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/how-to-install-and-manage-a-kerberos-server\/","title":{"rendered":"How to install and manage a Kerberos Server"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"blog-image aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/04\/2e1ax_default_entry_MIT-Kerberos.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For some time now, I have been working on how to set up a Single Sign-On (SSO) solution in my company. As a big fan of Open Source solutions, I have obviously proposed the implementation of a solution based on Kerberos. What I mean by that is a solution based on the true Kerberos, i. e. MIT Kerberos. Indeed, Kerberos was originally a research project at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology (MIT) in the early 1980s.<\/p>\n<p>Before starting this kind of project, it&#8217;s important to clearly define and have in mind the following points:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Architecture of the enterprise<\/li>\n<li>Operating systems used by end users<\/li>\n<li>Operating systems used by applications which must be kerberized<\/li>\n<li>Is it difficult to kerberized these applications?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The answers to these elements provide insight on which types of solutions are possible. For example if there is no restrictions on which operating system an end user can use (Windows or different Linux distribution or &#8230;) then the introduction of a solution based on a Linux Kerberos could be a good idea. That&#8217;s why in this blog, I will first explain how to install a MIT Kerberos Server. In the second part, I will focus on how to manage this Server.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Install MIT Kerberos<\/h3>\n<p>It&#8217;s important to note that the server and the client share the same release and that the MIT Keberos server could only be installed on a Unix-like. The Mac release is available as part of the Mac OS X since version 10.3 (the current release is Mavericks: 10.9). The Key Distribution Center (KDC) is the Kerberos Server where all identities (users, computers and kerberized applications) will be stored.<\/p>\n<p>For this installation, let&#8217;s define the followings properties\/variable:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>example.com = the DNS Domain<\/li>\n<li>EXAMPLE.COM = the KDC REALM which should be the DNS Domain in UPPERCASE. In case where there should be more than one KDC, all names must be unique and self descriptive<\/li>\n<li>kdc01oel.example.com = the FQDN of the KDC<\/li>\n<li>192.168.1.2 = the IP of kdc01oel.example.com<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So let&#8217;s begin the installation. Obviously, the first thing to do is to download the current release of the MIT Kerberos distribution for the target operating system. This could be done at the following URL: <a href=\"http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/kerberos\/dist\/index.html.\">http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/kerberos\/dist\/index.html.<\/a> The current Linux release is krb5-1.12.1-signed.tar:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel opt]# wget http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/kerberos\/dist\/krb5\/1.12\/krb5-1.12.1-signed.tar\n--2014-04-01 14:00:28--\u00a0 http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/kerberos\/dist\/krb5\/1.12\/krb5-1.12.1-signed.tar\nResolving web.mit.edu... 23.58.214.151\nConnecting to web.mit.edu|23.58.214.151|:80... connected.\nHTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK\nLength: 11950080 (11M) [application\/x-tar]\nSaving to: \u201ckrb5-1.12.1-signed.tar\u201d\n100%[===============================================&gt;] 11,950,080\u00a0 1.52M\/s\u00a0\u00a0 in 7.3s\n2014-04-01 14:00:38 (1.56 MB\/s) - \u201ckrb5-1.12.1-signed.tar\u201d saved [11950080\/11950080]\n[root@oel opt]# tar -xvf krb5-1.12.1-signed.tar\nkrb5-1.12.1.tar.gz\nkrb5-1.12.1.tar.gz.asc<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As you could see, this file is signed and you could (should) verify the integrity and identity of the software. This can be done, for example, using GNU Privacy Guard (need another file that can be found on the MIT Kerberos download page):<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel opt]# gpg --verify krb5-1.12.1.tar.gz.asc<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After that, just extract the MIT Kerberos source code and build it:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel opt]# tar -zxf krb5-1.12.1.tar.gz\n[root@oel opt]# cd krb5-1.12.1\/src\/\n[root@oel src]# .\/configure\n...\n[root@oel src]# yum install *yacc*\n...\n[root@oel src]# make\n...\n[root@oel src]# make install\n...<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>At this step, Kerberos should be installed properly and the binaries, libraries and the documentation should be under \/usr\/local. The default location is sufficient in almost all cases:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel src]# krb5-config --all\nVersion:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kerberos 5 release 1.12.1\nVendor:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Massachusetts Institute of Technology\nPrefix:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/usr\/local\nExec_prefix: \/usr\/local\n<\/pre>\n<p>As Kerberos should be installed properly, the next step is to configure it. This is done through a configuration file named krb5.conf:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel src]# vi \/etc\/krb5.conf\n[libdefaults]\n\u00a0 default_realm = EXAMPLE.COM\n\u00a0 forwardable = true\n\u00a0 proxiable = true\n[realms]\n\u00a0 EXAMPLE.COM = {\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kdc = kdc01oel.example.com:88\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 admin_server = kdc01oel.example.com:749\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 default_domain = example.com\n\u00a0 }\n[domain_realm]\n\u00a0 .example.com = EXAMPLE.COM\n\u00a0 example.com = EXAMPLE.COM\n[logging]\n\u00a0 kdc = FILE:\/var\/log\/krb5kdc.log\n\u00a0 admin_server = FILE:\/var\/log\/kadmin.log\n\u00a0 default = FILE:\/var\/log\/krb5lib.log<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To avoid hostname resolution issues, the file \/etc\/hosts must contain the fully qualified domain name of the server as well as the IP address:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel src]# vi \/etc\/hosts\n127.0.0.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 localhost\u00a0\u00a0 kdc01oel\n192.168.1.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kdc01oel.example.com\u00a0\u00a0 kdc01oel<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The next thing to do is to create the realm and the KDC database. Let&#8217;s begin with the creation of the database parent folder:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel src]# cd \/usr\/local\n[root@oel local]# mkdir \/usr\/local\/var\n[root@oel local]# mkdir \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\n[root@oel local]# chmod 700 \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The file krb5.conf (just above) is the generic Kerberos configuration file but the KDC also has is own configuration file (kdc.conf). Create this file and populate it as follow:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel local]# cd \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/\n[root@oel krb5kdc]# vi kdc.conf\n[kdcdefaults]\n\u00a0 kdc_ports = 749,88\n[realms]\n\u00a0 EXAMPLE.COM = {\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 database_name = \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/principal\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 admin_keytab = \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 acl_file = \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.acl\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 key_stash_file = \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/.k5.EXAMPLE.COM\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kdc_ports = 749,88\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 max_life = 10h 0m 0s\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 max_renewable_life = 7d 0h 0m 0s\n\u00a0 }<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>So let&#8217;s create the Kerberos database using this configuration file:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel krb5kdc]# \/usr\/local\/sbin\/kdb5_util create -s\nLoading random data\nInitializing database '\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/principal' for realm 'EXAMPLE.COM',\nmaster key name 'K\/M@EXAMPLE.COM'\nYou will be prompted for the database Master Password.\nIt is important that you NOT FORGET this password.\nEnter KDC database master key: \nRe-enter KDC database master key to verify:\n[root@oel krb5kdc]#<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If there is any error at this point, it is certainly due to a misconfiguration of the \/etc\/krb5.conf file or because Kerberos can&#8217;t resolve the hostname (the \/etc\/hosts file isn&#8217;t configure properly).<\/p>\n<p>This finaly conclude the first part about the installation of the MIT Kerberos Server.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Manage the KDC<\/h3>\n<p>For this part, I assume that the KDC is set up according to what I&#8217;ve explain above. In the previous part, I just shown how to install the KDC but in fact the KDC isn&#8217;t running for the moment. So the first thing to do is to configure which will be able to connect to the KDC (that mean obtain a ticket) and with which permissions.<\/p>\n<p>To enter to the KDC administration console, use the kadmin.local (only for the local machine):<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel krb5kdc]# \/usr\/local\/sbin\/kadmin.local\nAuthenticating as principal root\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM with password.\nkadmin.local:<\/pre>\n<p>Once in the kadmin.local, several command can be used to manage the KDC. The following command can be used to list them all:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">kadmin.local:\u00a0 ?\nAvailable kadmin.local requests:\nadd_principal, addprinc, ank\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add principal\ndelete_principal, delprinc\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Delete principal\nmodify_principal, modprinc\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modify principal\nrename_principal, renprinc\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rename principal\nchange_password, cpw\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Change password\nget_principal, getprinc\u00a0 Get principal\nlist_principals, listprincs, get_principals, getprincs\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List principals\nadd_policy, addpol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add policy\nmodify_policy, modpol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Modify policy\ndelete_policy, delpol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Delete policy\nget_policy, getpol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Get policy\nlist_policies, listpols, get_policies, getpols\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List policies\nget_privs, getprivs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Get privileges\nktadd, xst\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add entry(s) to a keytab\nktremove, ktrem\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Remove entry(s) from a keytab\nlock\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lock database exclusively (use with extreme caution!)\nunlock\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Release exclusive database lock\npurgekeys\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Purge previously retained old keys from a principal\nget_strings, getstrs\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Show string attributes on a principal\nset_string, setstr\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Set a string attribute on a principal\ndel_string, delstr\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Delete a string attribute on a principal\nlist_requests, lr, ?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 List available requests.\nquit, exit, q\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exit program.<\/pre>\n<p>So for example let&#8217;s create two principal. One with administrator capabilities (xxx\/admin) and another one without:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">kadmin.local:\u00a0 addprinc mpatou\/admin\nWARNING: no policy specified for mpatou\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM; defaulting to no policy\nEnter password for principal \"mpatou\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM\": \nRe-enter password for principal \"mpatou\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM\": \nPrincipal \"mpatou\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM\" created.\nkadmin.local:\u00a0 addprinc mpatou\nWARNING: no policy specified for mpatou@EXAMPLE.COM; defaulting to no policy\nEnter password for principal \"mpatou@EXAMPLE.COM\": \nRe-enter password for principal \"mpatou@EXAMPLE.COM\": \nPrincipal \"mpatou@EXAMPLE.COM\" created.<\/pre>\n<p>With a new &#8220;listprincs&#8221;, the two new principals should be displayed but for now, mpatou\/admin has no administrative access because this account isn&#8217;t declared in the access control list. In the ACL file, permissions can be defined by using the following characters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A = Addition of users or policies into the KDC database<\/li>\n<li>D = Deletion of users or policies from the KDC database<\/li>\n<li>M = Modification of users or policies in the KDC database<\/li>\n<li>C = Changing principals&#8217; passwords in the KDC database<\/li>\n<li>I = Inquiries into the database, to list principal information<\/li>\n<li>L = Listing of the principals contained in the database<\/li>\n<li>* = Grants the user all of the above permissions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Moreover, the wildcard (*) can be used to match more than one user. For example *\/admin will match all administrative account. Let&#8217;s create the ACL file as define in the KDC configuration file (kdc.conf):<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">kadmin.local:\u00a0 exit\n[root@oel krb5kdc]# vi \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.acl\n*\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ADMCIL<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>So there is a kadmin.local for local administration but there is also a remote administration console which is kadmin. This remote access can&#8217;t be used for now because it need a file that doesn&#8217;t exist. This file (a &#8220;keytab&#8221;), is a file that store a principal and an encryption key derived from the principal&#8217;s password. It could be used to log into Kerberos without being prompted for a password and that&#8217;s why this is useful for all kerberized applications.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel krb5kdc]# \/usr\/local\/sbin\/kadmin.local\nAuthenticating as principal root\/admin@EXAMPLE.COM with password.\nkadmin.local:\u00a0 ktadd -k \/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab kadmin\/admin kadmin\/changepw\nEntry for principal kadmin\/admin with kvno 2, encryption type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/admin with kvno 2, encryption type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/admin with kvno 2, encryption type des3-cbc-sha1 added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/admin with kvno 2, encryption type arcfour-hmac added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/changepw with kvno 2, encryption type aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/changepw with kvno 2, encryption type aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/changepw with kvno 2, encryption type des3-cbc-sha1 added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nEntry for principal kadmin\/changepw with kvno 2, encryption type arcfour-hmac added to keytab WRFILE:\/usr\/local\/var\/krb5kdc\/kadm5.keytab.\nkadmin.local:\u00a0 exit<\/pre>\n<p>The location of this kadm5.keytab is also define in the kdc.conf file. Now the KDC server process is ready to start:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel krb5kdc]# \/usr\/local\/sbin\/krb5kdc\n[root@oel krb5kdc]# \/usr\/local\/sbin\/kadmind<\/pre>\n<p>If there is no error, then the KDC should be running and ready to reply to any client with a valid principal. The easiest way to test it is to try to obtain a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) using the kinit command:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"brush: actionscript3; gutter: true; first-line: 1\">[root@oel krb5kdc]# cd \/usr\/local\/bin\n[root@oel bin]# klist \nklist: Credentials cache file '\/tmp\/krb5cc_0' not found\n[root@oel bin]# kinit mpatou\nPassword for mpatou@EXAMPLE.COM: \n[root@oel bin]# klist \nTicket cache: FILE:\/tmp\/krb5cc_0\nDefault principal: mpatou@EXAMPLE.COM\nValid starting\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Expires\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Service principal\n04\/03\/2014 09:54:48\u00a0 04\/03\/2014 19:54:48\u00a0 krbtgt\/EXAMPLE.COM@EXAMPLE.COM\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 renew until 04\/04\/2014 09:54:47\n[root@oel bin]# kdestroy\n[root@oel bin]# klist \nklist: Credentials cache file '\/tmp\/krb5cc_0' not found<\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The klist command can be used to list all existing tickets whereas the kdestroy is used to remove them. The KDC is now fully operational and some possible additional steps can be done (e.g. set up slaves KDC).<\/p>\n<p>This finally concludes this blog about how to install a MIT Kerberos Server. If you need more information about Kerberos (MIT or Heimdal or Active Directory implementation), I strongly suggest you to read the book &#8220;Kerberos, The Definitive Guide&#8221; by Jason Garman. This book was for me the best source of knowledge on this subject.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For some time now, I have been working on how to set up a Single Sign-On (SSO) solution in my company. As a big fan of Open Source solutions, I have obviously proposed the implementation of a solution based on Kerberos. What I mean by that is a solution based on the true Kerberos, i. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":2166,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[197],"tags":[101,450,444,46,370],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-3699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-application-integration-middleware","tag-installation","tag-kdc","tag-kerberos","tag-linux-unix","tag-open-source"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to install and manage a Kerberos Server - dbi Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For some time now, I have been working on how to set up a Single Sign-On (SSO) solution. 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