![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/04\/2e1ax_default_entry_Oracle_Database_12c.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Oracle Database 12c was published in June and among the new features of this release are multiple improvements of the Flashback Data Archive (FDA), an option also known as Oracle Total Recall. In this post, I will present the new features coming with Oracle 12c.<\/p>\n
Before speaking about these improvements, let me point out the main concept of Oracle FDA.<\/p>\n
Flashback Data Archive appeared with Oracle 11g and improved the flashback technology introduced with earlier releases of Oracle Database:<\/p>\n
There are three scenarios where FDA can be useful:<\/p>\n
For example, a company that wants to keep important data during ten years for a legal reason can use FDA. Data exceeding the retention period will be automatically purged, without any administrative action<\/p>\n
With FDA it is possible to go back into the past to get data for comparison purposes. For example, a company that wants to know what its stock was in the beginning of the year can use FDA to compare past data with the current values.<\/p>\n
If some records have been removed or updated accidentally, FDA can be used in order to recover the values with a single query. However, reference constraints are not preserved by FDA.<\/p>\n
The following picture, extracted from the Oracle documentation, shows how FDA works:<\/p>\n
![\"concept\"](\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/04\/concept.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
Each information written in the undo tablespace is also written in the FDA by the FBDA background process.<\/p>\n
I enabled FDA on an Oracle 12.1.0.1 database in order to test the new features.
\nFirst, I created a dedicated tablespace for FDA:<\/p>\n
SQL> create tablespace TBS_FDA datafile '\/u01\/oradata\/DB12C\/tbs_fda1.dbf' size 2G;<\/pre>\nThen, I created a user to access the database, with correct roles and permissions to create tables and use the FDA.<\/p>\n
SQL> create user msc identified by *** quota unlimited on USERS,TBS_FDA;\nSQL> grant CREATE SESSION, CREATE TABLE to msc;\nSQL> grant FLASHBACK ARCHIVE on FBA1 to msc;\nSQL> grant FLASHBACK ARCHIVE ADMINISTRATOR to msc;<\/pre>\nAs “msc” user, I created a flashback archive file:<\/p>\n
SQL> connect msc\/***\nSQL> create flashback archive default FBA1 tablespace TBS_FDA retention 2 day;<\/pre>\nFinally, I created a table in the msc schema and performed some DML:<\/p>\n
SQL> create table tb_products(prod_id number, prod_desc varchar(50)) flashback archive;\nSQL> insert into tb_products values (1,'Oracle 9i');\nSQL> insert into tb_products values (2,'Oracle 10g');\nSQL> insert into tb_products values (3,'Oracle 11g');\nSQL> commit;<\/pre>\nWith the table DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES, we can see if FDA is activated in the table tb_products:<\/p>\n
SQL> select TABLE_NAME, FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_NAME, ARCHIVE_TABLE_NAME, STATUS\n from DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES;\n \nTABLE_NAME FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_NAME ARCHIVE_TABLE_NAME STATUS\n-------------- --------------------------- -------------------------- ----------\nTB_PRODUCTS FBA1 SYS_FBA_HIST_91091 ENABLED<\/pre>\nOracle 12c new features<\/h3>\n
There are some FDA improvements in Oracle Database 12c:<\/p>\n
1) User context tracking<\/h4>\n
This new feature allows tracking the user context and makes it easier to know which user made which changes in a table.
\nTo track user-contexts, Oracle has created two new subprograms in the DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE package as well as a new table.<\/p>\n
This procedure allows to set the level of user-context to return. It has only one parameter (LEVEL).
\nThe possible values for the LEVEL parameter are:<\/p>\n
To enable the database to capture user-context, the procedure must be run once with “ALL” or “TYPICAL” value. Example for ALL:<\/p>\n
SQL> exec dbms_flashback_archive.set_context_level(level=> 'ALL');<\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
This function returns the user-context only if the procedure set_sys_context was previously run with a LEVEL different of NONE.
\nThe function has 3 parameters:<\/p>\n
As an example, I have performed an update to generate an XID in the archive table SYS_FBA_HIST_91091:<\/p>\n
SQL> update tb_products set prod_desc='Oracle 11g R2' where prod_id=3;<\/pre>\nAfter a few minutes, the background process FBDA recorded undo data in the flashback data archive. The archive table SYS_FBA_HIST_91091 now contains a record for the row, as it was before the update.<\/p>\n
SQL> select xid, operation, prod_id, prod_desc from SYS_FBA_HIST_91091;\n \nXID O PROD_ID PROD_DESC\n---------------- - ---------- --------------------------------------------------\n05001100D6020000 I 3 Oracle 11g<\/pre>\nTo know who performed the insert of the product “Oracle 11g” in the table, I have used the get_sys_context function as follows:<\/p>\n
declare\n v_xid RAW(8);\n output varchar2(32767);\n begin \n --Set the variable v_xid with the XID value\n select xid into v_xid from msc.sys_fba_hist_91091 where xid='05001100D6020000';\n \n --Displays the username\n output:= dbms_flashback_archive.get_sys_context (v_xid, 'USERENV', 'SESSION_USER');\n dbms_output.put_line('User: '|| output);\n \n --Displays the hostname of the terminal from where the user is connected\n output:= dbms_flashback_archive.get_sys_context (v_xid,'USERENV','HOST');\n dbms_output.put_line('Hostname: '||output);\n \n --Displays the module from where the user is connected\n output:= dbms_flashback_archive.get_sys_context (v_xid,'USERENV','MODULE');\n dbms_output.put_line('Module: '||output);\n end;\/\n \nUser: MSC\nHostname: vmtest12c1\nModule: SQL*Plus<\/pre>\nYou can consult the Oracle documentation to get the complete overview on available user-context information.<\/p>\n
Information returned by the get_sys_context function can also be retrieved from the new table sys_fba_context_aud.
\nThe table contains user-context information for each XID. Joining it to the archive table, we can get the user-context for all DML performed on the table:<\/p>\n
SQL> select s.authenticated_identity, s.host, s.module, h.operation, h.prod_id, h.prod_desc\n from sys.sys_fba_context_aud s, msc.sys_fba_hist_91091 h\n where h.xid=s.xid;\n \nAUTHENTICATED_IDENTITY HOST MODULE O PROD_ID PROD_DESC\n------------------------ -------------- --------------- - ---------- ---------\nmsc vmtestora11g SQL*Plus I 3 Oracle 11g<\/pre>\nNote that user-context tracking is a good alternative to the auditing based on database triggers.<\/p>\n
2) Database hardening<\/h4>\n
With Oracle 11g, FDA had to be managed at table level. Starting with Oracle 12c, it is possible to create logical groups of tables for an application: Enabling or disabling of FDA is performed at application level and it prevents the listing of all application tables to enable or disable FDA for each one.<\/p>\n
To make the best out of this new feature, the first step is to create and enable an application group. In my example, the application is named “PRODUCTS”:<\/p>\n
SQL> exec dbms_flashback_archive.register_application(application_name=>'PRODUCTS',flashback_archive_name=>'FBA1');<\/pre>\n\u202a\u202aOnce the application group is created, the tables must be linked to the group.
\nIn my example, FDA has been disabled on the previous table TB_PRODUCTS. I have created a second table TB_PROVIDERS in the schema msc without enabling the flashback archive.<\/p>\nSQL> create table msc.tb_providers (prov_id number, prov_desc varchar2(50));\nSQL> insert into tb_providers values (1,\u2019dbi services\u2019);\nSQL> insert into tb_providers values (2,\u2019Oracle\u2019);\nSQL> commit;<\/pre>\nThe table DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES returns no values, meaning that no flashback archive is enabled.<\/samp><\/p>\n
SQL> select table_name, flashback_archive_name, archive_table_name, status\n from DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES;\n \nno rows selected<\/pre>\nThen, I linked both tb_products and tb_providers tables to the group PRODUCTS:<\/p>\n
SQL> exec dbms_flashback_archive.add_table_to_application(application_name=>'PRODUCTS',table_name=>'TB_PRODUCTS',schema_name=>'MSC');\n \nSQL> exec dbms_flashback_archive.add_table_to_application(application_name=>'PRODUCTS',table_name=>'TB_PROVIDERS',schema_name=>'MSC');<\/pre>\nGroups and linked tables can be listed with SYS_FBA_APP (list of applications) and SYS_FBA_APP_TABLES (list of linked tables):<\/p>\n
SQL> select a.appname, b.object_name, c.obj#\n from SYS_FBA_APP a, DBA_OBJECTS b, SYS_FBA_APP_TABLES c\n where a.app#=c.app# and b.object_id=c.obj#;\n \nAPPNAME OBJECT_NAME OBJ#\n------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------\nPRODUCTS TB_PRODUCTS 91091\nPRODUCTS TB_PROVIDERS 91102<\/pre>\nIt is now possible to enable or disable the FDA on all tables belonging to this application. This is how you enable the FDA on the application PRODUCTS:<\/p>\n
SQL> exec dbms_flashback_archive.enable_application(application_name=>'PRODUCTS');<\/pre>\nAfter running this procedure, we can see that the FDA has indeed been enabled for the TB_PRODUCTS and TB_PROVIDERS tables:<\/p>\n
SQL> select table_name, flashback_archive_name, archive_table_name, status\n from DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES;\n \nTABLE_NAME FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_NAME ARCHIVE_TABLE_NAME STATUS\n------------- -------------------------- ---------------------- ---------\nTB_PRODUCTS FBA1 SYS_FBA_HIST_91091 ENABLED\nTB_PROVIDER FBA1 SYS_FBA_HIST_91102 ENABLED<\/pre>\n<\/p>\n
3) Import and export of history<\/h4>\n
This feature allows to import external history data (e. g. history generated by triggers) into FDA history tables. The external history data must correspond to an FDA enabled table in the database.<\/p>\n
The first step is to create a temporary history table which will receive user generated history data. This temporary table can be loaded with datapump or with simple DML. It will later be imported in the FDA enabled table.<\/p>\n
In my example, I used the MSC schema with the TB_PRODUCTS table. I chose the DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.CREATE_TEMP_HISTORY_TABLE procedure to create a temporary history table for TB_PRODUCTS:<\/p>\n
SQL> exec dbms_flashback_archive.create_temp_history_table('MSC', 'TB_PRODUCTS');<\/pre>\nWe can see that a new TEMP_HISTORY table has been created in the schema MSC:<\/p>\n
SQL> select table_name from dba_tables where owner='MSC';\n \nTABLE_NAME\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\nTB_PRODUCTS\nTB_PROVIDERS\nSYS_FBA_DDL_COLMAP_91091\nSYS_FBA_HIST_91091\nSYS_FBA_TCRV_91091\nTEMP_HISTORY<\/pre>\nThis temporary table contains TB_PRODUCTS columns and other metadata columns.<\/p>\n
SQL> desc msc.temp_history;\n \nName Null? Type\n------------------------------ --------- -----------------\nRID VARCHAR2(4000)\nSTARTSCN NUMBER\nENDSCN NUMBER\nXID RAW(8)\nOPERATION VARCHAR2(1)\nPROD_ID NUMBER\nPROD_DESC VARCHAR2(50)<\/pre>\nThen I performed an insert to populate the temporary table with external data.<\/p>\n
SQL> insert into MSC.TEMP_HISTORY values ('1111111111', '709494', NULL, '03000200BC020000', 'I', 4, 'Oracle 12c');\nSQL> commit;<\/pre>\nThe record is registered into the temporary table:<\/p>\n
RID STARTSCN ENDSCN XID O PROD_ID PROD_DESC\n------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------------- - ----------- -----------\n1111111111 709494 03000200BC020000 I 3 Oracle 12c<\/pre>\nFinally, the temporary table can be imported into the FDA table with the procedure DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.IMPORT_HISTORY:<\/p>\n
SQL> exec DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.IMPORT_HISTORY('MSC', 'TB_PRODUCTS', 'TEMP_HISTORY');<\/pre>\nThe new record has been added to the SYS_FBA_HIST_91091 table, meaning that FDA has now access to new history data:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
SQL> select xid, operation, prod_id, prod_desc from MSC.SYS_FBA_HIST_91091;<\/pre>\n\nXID O PROD_ID PROD_DESC\n---------------- - ---------- --------------------------------------------------\n05001100D6020000 I 3 Oracle 11g\n03000200BC020000 I 3 Oracle 12c<\/pre>\nNote that the TEMP_HISTORY table has been removed after the import.<\/p>\n
4) Hybrid Columnar Compression (HCC)<\/h4>\n
FDA can now be used with HCC compressed tables on Exadata and other Oracle storages. Unfortunately, I was not able to test this technology yet.<\/p>\n
Note that if we try to use HCC on a classical storage, the following error occurs:<\/p>\n
SQL> ALTER table MSC.TB_PRODUCTS compress for archive high;\nALTER table MSC.TB_PRODUCTS compress for archive high\n*\nERROR at line 1:\nORA-64307: Exadata Hybrid Columnar Compression is not supported for\ntablespaces on this storage type<\/pre>\nConclusion<\/h3>\n
Oracle Database 12c does not add anything revolutionaryto the Flashback Data Archive. But some small improvements make this tool more complete and easier to manage.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Oracle Database 12c was published in June and among the new features of this release are multiple improvements of the Flashback Data Archive (FDA), an option also known as Oracle Total Recall. In this post, I will present the new features coming with Oracle 12c. Overview Before speaking about these improvements, let me point out […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":2695,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[198],"tags":[387,17,209],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-3186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-management","tag-flashback-data-archive","tag-oracle-11g","tag-oracle-12c"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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