{"id":30161,"date":"2024-01-12T18:13:41","date_gmt":"2024-01-12T17:13:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/?p=30161"},"modified":"2024-01-12T18:13:43","modified_gmt":"2024-01-12T17:13:43","slug":"postgresql-17-incremental-backups-and-backup-chains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/postgresql-17-incremental-backups-and-backup-chains\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL 17: Incremental backups and backup chains"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

In the last post about the introduction of incremental backups<\/a> for PostgreSQL 17 we’ve looked at the basic concepts of that feature and how you can use it. In the meantime Robert Haas has written a blog post describing some uses cases<\/a> for the feature. This blog post is the inspiration for this one, and this is all about backups chains and how you can use them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For configuring PostgreSQL for incremental backups please check the previous post<\/a>, I am not going to repeat this here. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let’s assume today is Sunday and you are taking a full backup every Sunday like this:<\/p>\n\n\n

\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] mkdir -p \/var\/tmp\/backups\/sunday\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup -D \/var\/tmp\/backups\/sunday\/\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
For Monday to Saturday you’re doing incremental backups:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] weekdays=('mon' 'tue' 'wed' 'thu' 'fri' 'sat')\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] for i in "${weekdays[@]}"\ndo\n   mkdir -p \/var\/tmp\/backups\/$i\n   pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/sunday\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/$i\ndone\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] ls -la \/var\/tmp\/backups\/\ntotal 36\ndrwxr-xr-x  9 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:13 .\ndrwxrwxrwt  7 root     root     4096 Jan 12 17:13 ..\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:10 fri\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:10 mon\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:10 sat\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 16:57 sunday\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:10 thu\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:10 tue\ndrwxr-xr-x 20 postgres postgres 4096 Jan 12 17:10 wed\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
This gives you an incremental backup every day except Sunday and all of them use the full backup form Sunday as a starting point. You might also use one of the previous incremental backups as the starting point for new incremental backups like this:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] mkdir \/var\/tmp\/backups\/xx\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/xx \npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] ls \/var\/tmp\/backups\/xx\nbackup_label      pg_dynshmem    pg_notify     pg_subtrans  postgresql.auto.conf\nbackup_manifest   pg_hba.conf    pg_replslot   pg_tblspc    postgresql.conf\nbase              pg_ident.conf  pg_serial     pg_twophase\ncurrent_logfiles  pg_log         pg_snapshots  PG_VERSION\nglobal            pg_logical     pg_stat       pg_wal\npg_commit_ts      pg_multixact   pg_stat_tmp   pg_xact\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
In this case the new incremental backups is based on a previous incremental backup, it does not need to reference a previous full backup.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
What we have now is the following chain:<\/p>\n\n\n
\nsun - full backup\n-- mon - incremental, based on sun\n-- tue - incremental, based on sun\n-- wed - incremental, based on sun\n-- thu - incremental, based on sun\n-- fri - incremental, based on sun\n-- sat - incremental, based on sun\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
What you can do to reduce the chain of backups is to combine some of them using pg_combinebackup<\/a>. Let’s assume we want to introduce another full backup on Wednesday. Instead of doing a full backup we can also combine the full backup from Sunday with the incremental backup we did on Wednesday:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_combinebackup \/var\/tmp\/backups\/sunday\/ \/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed\/ -o \/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_full\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] ls \/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_full\nbackup_label pg_dynshmem pg_notify pg_subtrans postgresql.auto.conf\nbackup_manifest pg_hba.conf pg_replslot pg_tblspc postgresql.conf\nbase pg_ident.conf pg_serial pg_twophase\ncurrent_logfiles pg_log pg_snapshots PG_VERSION\nglobal pg_logical pg_stat pg_wal\npg_commit_ts pg_multixact pg_stat_tmp pg_xact\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
This gives us a new consistent full backup, and this one can be used as a starting point for further incremental backups:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] mkdir \/var\/tmp\/backups\/oo\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_full\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/oo\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] ls \/var\/tmp\/backups\/oo\nbackup_label      pg_dynshmem    pg_notify     pg_subtrans  postgresql.auto.conf\nbackup_manifest   pg_hba.conf    pg_replslot   pg_tblspc    postgresql.conf\nbase              pg_ident.conf  pg_serial     pg_twophase\ncurrent_logfiles  pg_log         pg_snapshots  PG_VERSION\nglobal            pg_logical     pg_stat       pg_wal\npg_commit_ts      pg_multixact   pg_stat_tmp   pg_xact\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
To create a new incremental backup based on this new full backup just follow the same procedure and give the backup manifest of that backup for the new incremental one:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] mkdir \/var\/tmp\/backups\/pp\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/oo\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/pp\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] ls \/var\/tmp\/backups\/pp\nbackup_label      pg_dynshmem    pg_notify     pg_subtrans  postgresql.auto.conf\nbackup_manifest   pg_hba.conf    pg_replslot   pg_tblspc    postgresql.conf\nbase              pg_ident.conf  pg_serial     pg_twophase\ncurrent_logfiles  pg_log         pg_snapshots  PG_VERSION\nglobal            pg_logical     pg_stat       pg_wal\npg_commit_ts      pg_multixact   pg_stat_tmp   pg_xact\n\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Combine the full backup and the two incrementals, and you have again a consistent full backup which you can just start up:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_combinebackup \/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_full \/var\/tmp\/backups\/oo \/var\/tmp\/backups\/pp -o \/var\/tmp\/backups\/kk\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] echo "port=8888" &gt;&gt; \/var\/tmp\/backups\/kk\/postgresql.auto.conf \npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] chmod 700 \/var\/tmp\/backups\/kk\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_ctl -D \/var\/tmp\/backups\/kk start\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] psql -p 8888 -c "select version()"\n                              version                               \n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n PostgreSQL 17devel on x86_64-linux, compiled by gcc-12.2.0, 64-bit\n(1 row)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Another use case: You do a full backup on Sunday:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] rm -rf \/var\/tmp\/backups\/\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup -D \/var\/tmp\/backups\/sun\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
Then you do incremental backups on Monday and Tuesday, but this time the incremental backup from Tuesday is based on the incremental backup from Monday:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/sun\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/mon\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/mon\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/tue\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
On Wednesday you combine Sunday, Monday and Tuesday and create a new incremental backup based on this:<\/p>\n\n\n
\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_combinebackup \/var\/tmp\/backups\/sun \/var\/tmp\/backups\/mon \/var\/tmp\/backups\/tue -o \/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_full\npostgres@debian12-pg:\/home\/postgres\/ [pgdev] pg_basebackup --incremental=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_full\/backup_manifest --pgdata=\/var\/tmp\/backups\/wed_incr\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n
What this is supposed to show you: It is totally up to you how you manage the chain of backups. Each backup can be the starting point for another one and combining several incremental backups (including the last full) into a new full backup helps you in reducing the chain of backups. I really like this concept as it gives you a lot of choice in how you are going to implement  your backup strategy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In the last post about the introduction of incremental backups for PostgreSQL 17 we’ve looked at the basic concepts of that feature and how you can use it. In the meantime Robert Haas has written a blog post describing some uses cases for the feature. 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He has more than 15 years of experience in management, engineering and optimization of databases and infrastructures, especially on Oracle and PostgreSQL. Since the beginning of his career, he has specialized in Oracle Technologies and is Oracle Certified Professional 12c and Oracle Certified Expert RAC\/GridInfra. Over time, Daniel has become increasingly interested in open source technologies, becoming \u201cTechnology Leader Open Infrastructure\u201d and PostgreSQL expert. \u00a0Based on community or EnterpriseDB tools, he develops and installs complex high available solutions with PostgreSQL. He is also a certified PostgreSQL Plus 9.0 Professional and a Postgres Advanced Server 9.4 Professional. He is a regular speaker at PostgreSQL conferences in Switzerland and Europe. Today Daniel is also supporting our customers on AWS services such as AWS RDS, database migrations into the cloud, EC2 and automated infrastructure management with AWS SSM (System Manager). 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He has more than 15 years of experience in management, engineering and optimization of databases and infrastructures, especially on Oracle and PostgreSQL. Since the beginning of his career, he has specialized in Oracle Technologies and is Oracle Certified Professional 12c and Oracle Certified Expert RAC\/GridInfra. Over time, Daniel has become increasingly interested in open source technologies, becoming \u201cTechnology Leader Open Infrastructure\u201d and PostgreSQL expert. \u00a0Based on community or EnterpriseDB tools, he develops and installs complex high available solutions with PostgreSQL. He is also a certified PostgreSQL Plus 9.0 Professional and a Postgres Advanced Server 9.4 Professional. He is a regular speaker at PostgreSQL conferences in Switzerland and Europe. Today Daniel is also supporting our customers on AWS services such as AWS RDS, database migrations into the cloud, EC2 and automated infrastructure management with AWS SSM (System Manager). He is a certified AWS Solutions Architect Professional. Prior to dbi services, Daniel was Management System Engineer at LC SYSTEMS-Engineering AG in Basel. Before that, he worked as Oracle Developper &\u00a0Project Manager at Delta Energy Solutions AG in Basel (today Powel AG). Daniel holds a diploma in Business Informatics (DHBW, Germany). His branch-related experience mainly covers the pharma industry, the financial sector, energy, lottery and telecommunications.","sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/westermanndanie"],"url":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/author\/daniel-westermann\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30161"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30176,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30161\/revisions\/30176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30161"},{"taxonomy":"type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/type_dbi?post=30161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}