{"id":28779,"date":"2023-10-25T08:51:30","date_gmt":"2023-10-25T06:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/?p=28779"},"modified":"2023-10-25T08:51:32","modified_gmt":"2023-10-25T06:51:32","slug":"locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings\/","title":{"rendered":"Locales, collations, encodings and the PostgreSQL sort order (2) \u2013 sorting strings"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-1-basics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">last post<\/a> we&#8217;ve looked at how you can tell <a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/current\/app-initdb.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">initdb<\/a> which character set and locale it should use for the initial databases. In this post we&#8217;ll look at how you can tell PostgreSQL how you want to have strings sorted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Looking at my instance, this is what I currently have:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: sql; highlight: [1]; title: ; notranslate\" title=\"\">\npostgres=# \\l\n                                                        List of databases\n   Name    |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale  | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   \n-----------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-----------------------\n postgres  | postgres | UTF8     | icu             | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en-US-x-icu |           | \n template0 | postgres | UTF8     | icu             | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en-US-x-icu |           | =c\/postgres          +\n           |          |          |                 |             |             |             |           | postgres=CTc\/postgres\n template1 | postgres | UTF8     | icu             | en_US.UTF-8 | en_US.UTF-8 | en-US-x-icu |           | =c\/postgres          +\n           |          |          |                 |             |             |             |           | postgres=CTc\/postgres\n(3 rows)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Checking how strings are sorted in this setup can easily be verified by creating a small table with a couple of rows:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: sql; highlight: [1,3,5]; title: ; notranslate\" title=\"\">\npostgres=# create table t ( a text );\nCREATE TABLE\npostgres=# insert into t values (&#039;a&#039;),(&#039;A&#039;),(&#039;ii&#039;),(&#039;II&#039;),(&#039;*&#039;),(&#039;1.1&#039;),(&#039;-&#039;);\nINSERT 0 7\npostgres=# select * from t;\n  a  \n-----\n a\n A\n ii\n II\n *\n 1.1\n -\n(7 rows)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Sorting this right now gives the following result:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: sql; highlight: [1]; title: ; notranslate\" title=\"\">\npostgres=# select * from t order by 1;\n  a  \n-----\n -\n *\n 1.1\n a\n A\n ii\n II\n(7 rows)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Special characters come first, the number afterwards and characters last, lower case before upper case. What happens if we want to sort this with a Swiss\/German locale? As mentioned in the previous post: If you want to use the locales provided by glibc, then those need to be installed on the operating system:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: sql; highlight: [1,3]; title: ; notranslate\" title=\"\">\npostgres=# \\! locale -a | grep de_CH\nde_CH.utf8\npostgres=# select * from t order by a collate &quot;de_CH.utf8&quot;;\n  a  \n-----\n *\n -\n 1.1\n a\n A\n ii\n II\n(7 rows)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n<p>This gives exactly the same result. What about &#8220;C&#8221; or &#8220;POSIX&#8221;?<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: sql; highlight: [1]; title: ; notranslate\" title=\"\">\npostgres=# select * from t order by a collate &quot;POSIX&quot;;\n  a  \n-----\n *\n -\n 1.1\n A\n II\n a\n ii\n(7 rows)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Now upper case characters sort before lower characters and the order is not anymore the same. You can also use the ICU collations listed in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/docs\/current\/catalog-pg-collation.html\">pg_collation<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code \"><pre class=\"brush: plain; highlight: [1]; title: ; notranslate\" title=\"\">\npostgres=# select * from t order by a collate &quot;de-BE-x-icu&quot;;\n  a  \n-----\n -\n *\n 1.1\n a\n A\n ii\n II\n(7 rows)\n<\/pre><\/div>\n\n\n<p>To summarize this: Depending on how you want to have your strings sorted, you need to use the correct collation for this. Not all languages follow the same rules and if you want to support multiple languages things might become a bit more tricky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the last post we&#8217;ve looked at how you can tell initdb which character set and locale it should use for the initial databases. In this post we&#8217;ll look at how you can tell PostgreSQL how you want to have strings sorted. Looking at my instance, this is what I currently have: Checking how strings [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[229,198],"tags":[77],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-28779","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-database-administration-monitoring","category-database-management","tag-postgresql"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Locales, collations, encodings and the PostgreSQL sort order (2) \u2013 sorting strings - dbi Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Locales, collations, encodings and the PostgreSQL sort order (2) \u2013 sorting strings\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the last post we&#8217;ve looked at how you can tell initdb which character set and locale it should use for the initial databases. In this post we&#8217;ll look at how you can tell PostgreSQL how you want to have strings sorted. Looking at my instance, this is what I currently have: Checking how strings [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"dbi Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-10-25T06:51:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-25T06:51:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Daniel Westermann\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@westermanndanie\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Daniel Westermann\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Daniel Westermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/8d08e9bd996a89bd75c0286cbabf3c66\"},\"headline\":\"Locales, collations, encodings and the PostgreSQL sort order (2) \u2013 sorting strings\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-10-25T06:51:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-25T06:51:32+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.dbi-services.com\\\/blog\\\/locales-collations-encodings-and-the-postgresql-sort-order-2-sorting-strings\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":230,\"commentCount\":0,\"keywords\":[\"PostgreSQL\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Database Administration &amp; 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He has more than 15 years of experience in management, engineering and optimization of databases and infrastructures, especially on Oracle and PostgreSQL. Since the beginning of his career, he has specialized in Oracle Technologies and is Oracle Certified Professional 12c and Oracle Certified Expert RAC\\\/GridInfra. Over time, Daniel has become increasingly interested in open source technologies, becoming \u201cTechnology Leader Open Infrastructure\u201d and PostgreSQL expert. \u00a0Based on community or EnterpriseDB tools, he develops and installs complex high available solutions with PostgreSQL. He is also a certified PostgreSQL Plus 9.0 Professional and a Postgres Advanced Server 9.4 Professional. He is a regular speaker at PostgreSQL conferences in Switzerland and Europe. Today Daniel is also supporting our customers on AWS services such as AWS RDS, database migrations into the cloud, EC2 and automated infrastructure management with AWS SSM (System Manager). 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He has more than 15 years of experience in management, engineering and optimization of databases and infrastructures, especially on Oracle and PostgreSQL. Since the beginning of his career, he has specialized in Oracle Technologies and is Oracle Certified Professional 12c and Oracle Certified Expert RAC\/GridInfra. Over time, Daniel has become increasingly interested in open source technologies, becoming \u201cTechnology Leader Open Infrastructure\u201d and PostgreSQL expert. \u00a0Based on community or EnterpriseDB tools, he develops and installs complex high available solutions with PostgreSQL. He is also a certified PostgreSQL Plus 9.0 Professional and a Postgres Advanced Server 9.4 Professional. He is a regular speaker at PostgreSQL conferences in Switzerland and Europe. Today Daniel is also supporting our customers on AWS services such as AWS RDS, database migrations into the cloud, EC2 and automated infrastructure management with AWS SSM (System Manager). He is a certified AWS Solutions Architect Professional. Prior to dbi services, Daniel was Management System Engineer at LC SYSTEMS-Engineering AG in Basel. Before that, he worked as Oracle Developper &amp;\u00a0Project Manager at Delta Energy Solutions AG in Basel (today Powel AG). Daniel holds a diploma in Business Informatics (DHBW, Germany). His branch-related experience mainly covers the pharma industry, the financial sector, energy, lottery and telecommunications.","sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/westermanndanie"],"url":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/author\/daniel-westermann\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28779","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28779"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28779\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28781,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28779\/revisions\/28781"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28779"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28779"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28779"},{"taxonomy":"type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/type_dbi?post=28779"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}