{"id":18485,"date":"2022-08-15T12:02:55","date_gmt":"2022-08-15T10:02:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/?p=18485"},"modified":"2022-09-21T14:50:57","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T12:50:57","slug":"sql-server-2022-security-do-you-know-ledger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/sql-server-2022-security-do-you-know-ledger\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Server 2022 security: Do you know Ledger?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>You probably hear or view that on the security point of view, the next version of SQL Server: SQL Server 2022, has a feature named <strong>Ledger<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s already used in Azure but what is Ledger?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2 points, I will say:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ledger helps streamline audits, providing cryptographic proof of data integrity to auditors.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ledger is also a protection of the data from any attacker or high-privileged user, including database or system administrators.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Microsoft provides us a good schema to explain how it&#8217;s working:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"922\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-6.png 781w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-6-254x300.png 254w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-6-768x907.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If any changes is done (DELETE,UPDATE) in your table, the previous value goes in a history table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is like Temporal Table, isn&#8217;t it? Have a look on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/sql-server-temporal-table-how-to-store-a-history-table-in-another-file\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here <\/a>(I know the author \ud83d\ude09 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes and No. Yes for the principle but no because it&#8217;s also protected and going deeper for where does what&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The technology used is the blockchain. Each records will be crypted and have the previous block crypted and a timestamp.<br>I this blog, I will just explain how it&#8217;s working without the crypted side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s start our first steps&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can create directly a database with the option<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/sql\/t-sql\/statements\/create-database-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16&amp;tabs=sqlpool\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> WITH LEDGER = ON<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"283\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-7.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-7-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-7-768x231.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE DATABASE &#091;test_ledger]\nON  PRIMARY \n( NAME = N'test_ledger', FILENAME = N'D:\\DATA\\test_ledger.mdf' , SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB )\nLOG ON \n( NAME = N'test_ledger_log', FILENAME = N'L:\\LOG\\test_ledger_log.ldf' , SIZE = 8192KB , FILEGROWTH = 65536KB )\n\nWith LEDGER = ON\nGO\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>You can easily see with sys.databases, if it&#8217;s enable or not with the column name is_ledger_on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>select name, is_ledger_on from sys.databases<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>I try also to do an alter database to disable it but it&#8217;s not working, I would say &#8220;not yet&#8221;&#8230;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18489\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-8.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-8-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-8-768x339.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>After that, I create a table with the syntax of the temporal table and adding the ledger syntax:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-9.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-9-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-9-768x428.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>CREATE TABLE &#091;test_table_ledger]\n(\n               Id int not null primary key clustered,\n               test1 varchar(10) NOT NULL,\n               test2 varchar(10) NOT NULL\n)\nWITH\n(\nSYSTEM_VERSIONING  =  ON (HISTORY_TABLE = dbo.test_table_ledger_hist),\nLEDGER =  ON\n)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>As you can see in the new SSMS, the table is marked as Updatable Ledger and you have an History table associated<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-10.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-10-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-10-768x407.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>If I have a look at these 2 tables, they are empty:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-11.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-11-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-11-768x337.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I insert 5 values to have some rows in my table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"437\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-12.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-12.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-12-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-12-768x357.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>No changes with these inserts, the history table is logically empty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, I will do a simple update of the first row:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-14.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-14-300x160.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-14-768x409.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As you can see, the history table has the old value and my table is up to date with the new value<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The recommendation of Microsoft is to use the ledger view for the history table and not directly the history table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-15.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-15-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-15-768x207.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>3 views are possible. The first one is <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/sql\/relational-databases\/system-catalog-views\/sys-database-ledger-transactions-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sys.database_ledger_transactions<\/a> and I will take only about this one in this blog<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This view give us the history of the database transactions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"261\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-16.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-16-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-16-768x213.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>No very digest to read, but if I look, a new view is created though the Ledger with the name of my table + _Ledger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case you can easily see the operation type<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"404\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-17.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-17-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-17-768x330.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Combining this last view and sys.database_ledger_transactions, you have a trace of the operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In my case, 5 insert and 1 update (INSERT + DELETE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"355\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-18499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-18.png 940w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-18-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/08\/image-18-768x290.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>select dlt.commit_time, dlt.principal_name, test.id,test.test1, test.test2, test.ledger_operation_type_desc\nfrom  test_table_ledger_Ledger test join sys.database_ledger_transactions dlt on test.ledger_transaction_id =  dlt.transaction_id\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Another interesting part of this new feature is the stored procedure to copy data from a normal table to a ledger table: <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/sql\/relational-databases\/security\/ledger\/ledger-how-to-migrate-data-to-ledger-tables?view=sql-server-ver16\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sp_copy_data_in_batches<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But this will be another story&#8230; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hoping to have piqued your curiosity! \ud83d\udc4d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You probably hear or view that on the security point of view, the next version of SQL Server: SQL Server 2022, has a feature named Ledger. It&#8217;s already used in Azure but what is Ledger? In 2 points, I will say: Ledger helps streamline audits, providing cryptographic proof of data integrity to auditors. Ledger is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[229,198,149,99,48],"tags":[1338,2665,2564,2550,2553],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-18485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-database-administration-monitoring","category-database-management","category-security","category-sql-server","category-technology-survey","tag-azure","tag-ledger","tag-security-3","tag-sql-server-2","tag-sql-server-2022"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SQL Server 2022 security: Do you know Ledger? - dbi Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/sql-server-2022-security-do-you-know-ledger\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SQL Server 2022 security: Do you know Ledger?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"You probably hear or view that on the security point of view, the next version of SQL Server: SQL Server 2022, has a feature named Ledger. It&#8217;s already used in Azure but what is Ledger? In 2 points, I will say: Ledger helps streamline audits, providing cryptographic proof of data integrity to auditors. 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He is specialized in SQL Server technologies such as installation, migration, best practices, and performance analysis etc. He is also an expert in Microsoft Business Intelligence solutions such as SharePoint, SQL Server and Office. Futhermore, he has many years of .NET development experience in the banking sector and other industries. In France, he was one of the first people to have worked with Microsoft Team System. He has written several technical articles on this subject. St\u00e9phane Haby is Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) as well as Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA) and\u00a0Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) for SQL Server 2012. He is also Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist (MCTS) and Microsoft Certified IT Professional (MCITP) for SQL Server 2008 as well as ITIL Foundation V3 certified. He holds a Engineer diploma in industrial computing and automation from France. 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