{"id":15849,"date":"2021-03-08T19:34:38","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T18:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/aws-postgresql-on-graviton2\/"},"modified":"2021-03-08T19:34:38","modified_gmt":"2021-03-08T18:34:38","slug":"aws-postgresql-on-graviton2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/aws-postgresql-on-graviton2\/","title":{"rendered":"AWS: PostgreSQL on Graviton2"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>By Franck Pachot<\/h2>\n<p>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/ec2\/instance-types\/t4\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-48021\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Site-Merch_Graviton_T4g_trial_Sign-in_EN.b703bb5939c5e5d7c045f6ef5c45a66955e036ff.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"285\" height=\"225\" \/><\/a>On the AWS free tier, you can run a t2.micro instance for 750 hours per month during the first 12 month after sign-up date. And currently, until June 2021, you can also run a T4g.micro. But be careful, when the free trial ends, or if your usage exceeds the free trial restrictions, you\u2019ll pay the standard pay-as-you-go rates. This is a good occasion to test the Graviton2 ARM processors, and you can do the same as I do in this blog post on those instances. However, as I want to compare the CPU performance during a long run I&#8217;ll use larger (and non-burstable) instances: m5d.2xlarge for x86_64 and m6gd.2xlarge aarch64 which have both 8 vCPUs and 32 GB or RAM.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;ve installed &#8220;Amazon Linux 2 AMI (HVM)&#8221; on m5d.2xlarge (x86_64) and &#8220;Amazon ECS-Optimized Amazon Linux 2 AMI (ARM)&#8221; for m6gd.2xlarge ARM64 (aarch64)<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2021-03-07-230532.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-48104\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2021-03-07-230532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1816\" height=\"1210\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>PostgreSQL<\/h3>\n<p>I&#8217;ll install PostgreSQL here and measure LIOPS with PGIO (<a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/therealkevinc\/pgio\">https:\/\/github.com\/therealkevinc\/pgio<\/a>)<\/p>\n<pre><code>sudo yum install -y git gcc readline-devel zlib-devel bison bison-devel flex\ngit clone https:\/\/github.com\/postgres\/postgres.git\nsudo yum install -y gcc readline-devel zlib-devel bison-devel\ntime ( cd postgres &amp;&amp; .\/configure &amp;&amp; make all &amp;&amp; sudo make install )\n( cd postgres\/contrib &amp;&amp; sudo make install )<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This compiles PostgreSQL from the community source (version 14devel). I can already get an idea about the CPU performance:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m5d.2xlarge x86_64 Xeon time: real 3m32.192s, user 3m14.176s, sys 0m18.400s<\/li>\n<li>m6gd.2xlarge aarch64 ARM time: real 3m54.493s, user 3m39.324s, sys 0m15.373s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code>\nexport PGDATA=~\/pgdata\necho \"$PATH\" | grep \/usr\/local\/pgsql\/bin || export PATH=\"$PATH:\/usr\/local\/pgsql\/bin\"\ninitdb\npg_ctl -l postgres.log start\ntop -bn1 -cp $(pgrep -xd, postgres)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Environment is set and instance started<\/p>\n<pre><code>\nsed -ie \"\/shared_buffers\/s\/^.*=.*\/shared_buffers= 8500MB\/\" $PGDATA\/postgresql.conf\nsed -ie \"\/huge_pages\/s\/^.*=.*\/huge_pages= true\/\" $PGDATA\/postgresql.conf\nawk '\/Hugepagesize.*kB\/{print 1 + int(1024 * MB \/ $2)}' MB=9000 \/proc\/meminfo | sudo bash -c  \"cat &gt; \/proc\/sys\/vm\/nr_hugepages\" \npg_ctl -l postgres.log restart\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>I set 8GB of shared buffers to be sure to measure logical I\/O from the database shared memory.<\/p>\n<h3>PGIO<\/h3>\n<pre><code>\ngit clone https:\/\/github.com\/therealkevinc\/pgio\ntar -zxf pgio\/pgio*tar.gz\ncat &gt; pgio\/pgio.conf &lt;&lt;CAT\n UPDATE_PCT=0\n RUN_TIME=$(( 60 * 600 ))\n NUM_SCHEMAS=4\n NUM_THREADS=1\n WORK_UNIT=255\n UPDATE_WORK_UNIT=8\n SCALE=1024M\n DBNAME=pgio\n CONNECT_STRING=\"pgio\"\n CREATE_BASE_TABLE=TRUE\nCAT\ncat pgio\/pgio.conf\npsql postgres &lt;&lt;&lt;'create database pgio;'\ntime ( cd pgio &amp;&amp; sh setup.sh )\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>I initialized PGIO for four 1GB schemas<\/p>\n<pre><code>\necho $(curl -s http:\/\/169.254.169.254\/latest\/meta-data\/instance-type) $(uname -m)\ntime ( cd pgio &amp;&amp; sh runit.sh )\nuptime\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This will run PGIO as configured (4 threads on 1GB for 1 hour)<\/p>\n<h4>4 threads on ARM<\/h4>\n<pre><code>[ec2-user@ip-172-31-46-196 ~]$ echo $(curl -s http:\/\/169.254.169.254\/latest\/meta-data\/instance-type) $(uname -m)\n\nm6gd.2xlarge aarch64                    \n\n[ec2-user@ip-172-31-46-196 ~]$ time ( cd pgio &amp;&amp; sh runit.sh )\n\nDate: Fri Mar  5 11:35:18 UTC 2021\nDatabase connect string: \"pgio\".\nShared buffers: 8GB.\nTesting 4 schemas with 1 thread(s) accessing 1024M (131072 blocks) of each schema.\nRunning iostat, vmstat and mpstat on current host--in background.\nLaunching sessions. 4 schema(s) will be accessed by 1 thread(s) each.\npg_stat_database stats:\n          datname| blks_hit| blks_read|tup_returned|tup_fetched|tup_updated\nBEFORE:  pgio    | 12676581 |   2797475 |      2663112 |       26277 |         142\nAFTER:   pgio    | 11254053367 |   2797673 |  11063125066 | 11057981670 |         162\nDBNAME:  pgio. 4 schemas, 1 threads(each). Run time: 3600 seconds. RIOPS &gt;0&lt; CACHE_HITS\/s &gt;3122604&lt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This is about 780651 LIOPS \/ thread.<\/p>\n<h4>4 threads on x86<\/h4>\n<pre><code>\n[ec2-user@ip-172-31-29-57 ~]$ echo $(curl -s http:\/\/169.254.169.254\/latest\/meta-data\/instance-type) $(uname -m)\n\nm5d.2xlarge x86_64\n\n[ec2-user@ip-172-31-29-57 ~]$ time ( cd pgio &amp;&amp; sh runit.sh )\nuptimeDate: Fri Mar  5 13:20:10 UTC 2021\nDatabase connect string: \"pgio\".\nShared buffers: 8500MB.\nTesting 4 schemas with 1 thread(s) accessing 1024M (131072 blocks) of each schema.\nRunning iostat, vmstat and mpstat on current host--in background.\nLaunching sessions. 4 schema(s) will be accessed by 1 thread(s) each.\npg_stat_database stats:\n          datname| blks_hit| blks_read|tup_returned|tup_fetched|tup_updated\nBEFORE:  pgio    | 109879603 | 2696860921 |   2759130206 |  2757898526 |          20\nAFTER:   pgio    | 13016322621 | 2697387365 |  15459965084 | 15455884319 |          20\nDBNAME:  pgio. 4 schemas, 1 threads(each). Run time: 3600 seconds. RIOPS &gt;146&lt; CACHE_HITS\/s &gt;3585123&lt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This is about 896280 LIOPS \/ thread.<\/p>\n<h3>pgbench<\/h3>\n<p>For pgbench test you may want to read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.percona.com\/blog\/2021\/01\/22\/postgresql-on-arm-based-aws-ec2-instances-is-it-any-good\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.percona.com\/blog\/2021\/01\/22\/postgresql-on-arm-based-aws-ec2-instances-is-it-any-good\/<\/a> where Jobin Augustine and Sergey Kuzmichev have run long tests, read-only and read-write, with and without checksum. And also sysbench-tpcc. I&#8217;m doing only a very simple test here to show that result depend on what you test.<\/p>\n<pre><code>\ntime pgbench -i -s 100 postgres\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h4>pgbench simple protocol<\/h4>\n<pre><code>\ntime pgbench -T 600 -c 4 --protocol=simple postgres\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Result:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m5d.2xlarge x86_64 Xeon: tps = 2035.794849 (excluding connections establishing)<\/li>\n<li>m6gd.2xlarge aarch64 ARM: tps = 2109.661869 (excluding connections establishing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>pgbench prepared statements<\/h4>\n<pre><code>\ntime pgbench -T 600 -c 4 --protocol=prepared postgres\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Result:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m5d.2xlarge x86_64 Xeon: tps = 2107.070647 (excluding connections establishing)<\/li>\n<li>m6gd.2xlarge aarch64 ARM: tps = 2121.966940 (excluding connections establishing)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Price\/Performance<\/h3>\n<p>Here is the price of the instance I used. The software is free and the EC2 running hours for Graviton2 is 20% cheaper:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m5d.2xlarge x86_64 Xeon EC2 cost: $0.504\/hr<\/li>\n<li>m6gd.2xlarge aarch64 ARM EC2 cost: $0.403\/hr<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The compilation time for the PostgreSQL sources was 11% slower on ARM: 3 minutes 39 seconds vs. 3 minutes 14 seconds vs.<br \/>\nThe PostgreSQL shared buffer cache hits were 13% faster x86: 896280 LIOPS \/ thread vs. 780651 LIOPS \/ thread, but that is the most optimal database work: all in shared buffers, limited calls, roundtrips and context switch. All is in CPU and RAM access.<br \/>\nHowever, where running pgbench, ARM had nearly the same performance for the prepared statement protocol and even a bit faster with the simple protocol. And that&#8217;s finally what most of database applications are doing. So, finally, the big difference is the price as the Graviton2 m6gd.2xlarge is 20% cheaper than the m5d.2xlarge x86. Here I installed PostgreSQL on EC2, but Graviton2 is available on RDS as well (in preview) with db.r6g<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;ve given more details about the GCC version and compilation flags in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/aws-postgresql-on-graviton2-aarch64\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">next post<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Franck Pachot . On the AWS free tier, you can run a t2.micro instance for 750 hours per month during the first 12 month after sign-up date. And currently, until June 2021, you can also run a T4g.micro. But be careful, when the free trial ends, or if your usage exceeds the free trial&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":15850,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1865,83],"tags":[2275],"class_list":["post-15849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aws","category-postgresql","tag-graviton2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>AWS: PostgreSQL on Graviton2 - dbi services | Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dbi-services.com\/blog\/aws-postgresql-on-graviton2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"AWS: PostgreSQL on Graviton2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Franck Pachot . 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