.
\n12.1 introduced Unified Auditing where you define policies and then enable them. As with the traditional audit, you enable them for all users or for specific users. The unified auditing adds a syntax to audit all users except some listed ones. 12.2 adds a syntax to audit a group of users, defined by the role granted. This is the best way to enable a policy for a group of users, including those created later.
\n
\nI create a simple policy, to audit logon and DBA role usage:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> create audit policy DEMO_POLICY actions logon, roles DBA;\nAudit POLICY created.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nI create a new DBA user, USER1<\/p>\n
\nSQL> create user USER1 identified by covfefe quota unlimited on USERS;\nUser USER1 created.\nSQL> grant DBA to USER1;\nGrant succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nI want to enable the policy for this user because I want to audit all DBAs<\/p>\n
\nSQL> audit policy DEMO_POLICY by USER1;\nAudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nI remove Audit records for this demo<\/p>\n
\nSQL> exec dbms_audit_mgmt.clean_audit_trail(audit_trail_type=>dbms_audit_mgmt.audit_trail_unified,use_last_arch_timestamp=>false);\nPL\/SQL procedure successfully completed.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nLet’s connect with this user and see what is audited:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> connect USER1\/covfefe@\/\/localhost\/PDB1\nConnected.\n \nSQL> select audit_type,os_username,userhost,terminal,dbusername,action_name,unified_audit_policies,system_privilege_used,event_timestamp\n 2 from unified_audit_trail where unified_audit_policies='DEMO_POLICY' order by event_timestamp;\n \nAUDIT_TYPE OS_USERNAME USERHOST TERMINAL DBUSERNAME ACTION_NAME UNIFIED_AUDIT_POLICIES SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_USED EVENT_TIMESTAMP\n---------- ----------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.22.51.865094000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.22.51.948187000 PM\n<\/code><\/pre>\nThe logon and the select on dictionary table (possible here thanks to the DBA role) has been audited because the policy is enabled for this user.<\/p>\n
We have a new DBA and we create a new user for him:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> create user USER2 identified by covfefe quota unlimited on USERS;\nUser USER2 created.\nSQL> grant DBA to USER2;\nGrant succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nHe connects and check what is audited:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> connect USER2\/covfefe@\/\/localhost\/PDB1\nConnected.\nSQL> select audit_type,os_username,userhost,terminal,dbusername,action_name,unified_audit_policies,system_privilege_used,event_timestamp\n 2 from unified_audit_trail where unified_audit_policies='DEMO_POLICY' order by event_timestamp;\n \nAUDIT_TYPE OS_USERNAME USERHOST TERMINAL DBUSERNAME ACTION_NAME UNIFIED_AUDIT_POLICIES SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_USED EVENT_TIMESTAMP\n---------- ----------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.22.51.865094000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.22.51.948187000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.22.52.132814000 PM\n<\/code><\/pre>\nNothing is audited for this user. The DBA role usage is audited, but only for USER1.<\/p>\n
Of course, we can add an audit statement for each user created for a DBA:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> audit policy DEMO_POLICY by USER2;\nAudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nThen his new activity is audited:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> connect USER2\/covfefe@\/\/localhost\/PDB1\nConnected.\nSQL> select audit_type,os_username,userhost,terminal,dbusername,action_name,unified_audit_policies,system_privilege_used,event_timestamp\n 2 from unified_audit_trail where unified_audit_policies='DEMO_POLICY' order by event_timestamp;\n \nAUDIT_TYPE OS_USERNAME USERHOST TERMINAL DBUSERNAME ACTION_NAME UNIFIED_AUDIT_POLICIES SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_USED EVENT_TIMESTAMP\n---------- ----------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.22.51.865094000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.22.51.948187000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.22.52.132814000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER2 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.22.52.338928000 PM\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBut for security reason, we would like to be sure that any new user having the DBA role granted is audited.
\nLet’s try something else<\/p>\n
\nSQL> noaudit policy DEMO_POLICY by USER1,USER2;\nNoaudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nWe can simply audit all users:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> audit policy DEMO_POLICY;\nAudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBut this is too much. Some applications constantly logon and logoff and we don’t want to have that in the audit trail.<\/p>\n
\nSQL> noaudit policy DEMO_POLICY;\nNoaudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nWe can still enable the policy for all users, and exempt those users we don’t want:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> audit policy DEMO_POLICY except DEMO;\nAudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nHere is what is enabled, and this will audot all new users:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> select * from audit_unified_enabled_policies;\n \nUSER_NAME POLICY_NAME ENABLED_OPT ENABLED_OPTION ENTITY_NAME ENTITY_TYPE SUCCESS FAILURE\n--------- ----------- ----------- -------------- ----------- ----------- ------- -------\nDEMO DEMO_POLICY EXCEPT EXCEPT USER DEMO USER YES YES\nALL USERS ORA_SECURECONFIG BY BY USER ALL USERS USER YES YES\nALL USERS ORA_LOGON_FAILURES BY BY USER ALL USERS USER NO YES\n<\/code><\/pre>\nBut once again, this is not what we want.<\/p>\n
\nSQL> noaudit policy DEMO_POLICY by DEMO;\nNoaudit succeeded.\n \nSQL> select * from audit_unified_enabled_policies;\n \nUSER_NAME POLICY_NAME ENABLED_OPT ENABLED_OPTION ENTITY_NAME ENTITY_TYPE SUCCESS FAILURE\n--------- ----------- ----------- -------------- ----------- ----------- ------- -------\nALL USERS ORA_SECURECONFIG BY BY USER ALL USERS USER YES YES\nALL USERS ORA_LOGON_FAILURES BY BY USER ALL USERS USER NO YES\n<\/code><\/pre>\nAudit all users to whom roles are granted directly<\/h3>\n
In 12c<\/i>R2 we have the possibility to do exactly what we want: audit all users having the DBA role granted:<\/p>\n\nSQL> audit policy DEMO_POLICY by users with granted roles DBA;\nAudit succeeded.\n<\/code><\/pre>\nThis enables the audit for all users for whom the DBA role has been directly granted:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> select * from audit_unified_enabled_policies;\n \nUSER_NAME POLICY_NAME ENABLED_OPT ENABLED_OPTION ENTITY_NAME ENTITY_TYPE SUCCESS FAILURE\n--------- ----------- ----------- -------------- ----------- ----------- ------- -------\n DEMO_POLICY INVALID BY GRANTED ROLE DBA ROLE YES YES\nALL USERS ORA_SECURECONFIG BY BY USER ALL USERS USER YES YES\nALL USERS ORA_LOGON_FAILURES BY BY USER ALL USERS USER NO YES\n<\/code><\/pre>\nThe important thing is that a newly created user will be audited as long as he has the DBA role directly granted:<\/p>\n
\nSQL> create user USER3 identified by covfefe quota unlimited on USERS;\nUser USER3 created.\nSQL> grant DBA to USER3;\nGrant succeeded.\n \nSQL> connect USER3\/covfefe@\/\/localhost\/PDB1\nConnected.\nSQL> select audit_type,os_username,userhost,terminal,dbusername,action_name,unified_audit_policies,system_privilege_used,event_timestamp\n 2 from unified_audit_trail where unified_audit_policies='DEMO_POLICY' order by event_timestamp;\n \nAUDIT_TYPE OS_USERNAME USERHOST TERMINAL DBUSERNAME ACTION_NAME UNIFIED_AUDIT_POLICIES SYSTEM_PRIVILEGE_USED EVENT_TIMESTAMP\n---------- ----------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.29.17.915217000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.29.17.988151000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER1 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.117258000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER2 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.322716000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER2 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.345351000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER2 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.415117000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER2 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.439656000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER2 SELECT DEMO_POLICY SELECT ANY DICTIONARY 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.455274000 PM\nStandard oracle VM104 pts\/0 USER3 LOGON DEMO_POLICY CREATE SESSION 04-JUN-17 04.29.18.507496000 PM\n<\/code><\/pre>\nThis policy applies to all users having the DBA role, and gives the possibility to audit more than their DBA role usage: here I audit all login from users having the DBA role. <\/p>\n
So what?<\/h3>\n
We don’t use roles only to group privileges to grant. A role is usually granted to define groups of users: DBAs, Application user, Read-only application users, etc. The Unified Auditing can define complex policies, combining the audit of actions, privileges, and roles. The 12.2 syntax allows enabling the policy to a specific group of users.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
By Franck Pachot . 12.1 introduced Unified Auditing where you define policies and then enable them. As with the traditional audit, you enable them for all users or for specific users. The unified auditing adds a syntax to audit all users except some listed ones. 12.2 adds a syntax to audit a group of users, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[198],"tags":[656,667,209],"type_dbi":[],"class_list":["post-10231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-database-management","tag-12-2","tag-audit","tag-oracle-12c"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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